C++

Hi,
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All the very best.

Since you aren't a complete novice, I think you're ready for C++, for the following reasons:
It's dangerous. Some may think this is a reason to avoid it, but these are things you are going to have to learn.
It's close to the hardware. This makes it fast and optimization and also suitable for tiny little boxes.
It has a good preprocessor. It's as dangerous as juggling chainsaws, but when you start developing a code base that has to compile on multiple systems, you'll really appreciate it.
It has objects without pointers. Traditional objects always have pointers. C++ lets you have objects that are not allocated and not accessed by pointers. Instead, they look like any other data type. This allows some choices that you might not ordinarily make when thinking in terms of objects, which, because of 2, you can optimize to zero cost for production. My favorite example is units. We lost a $328 million Mars orbiter because of different units of measurement (see MARS CLIMATE ORBITER TEAM FINDS LIKELY CAUSE OF LOSS). It's easy to make a units system in C++ and tweak it for hacking, debugging, and running. Also think currencies.
It has a template system. I think this is the most amazing thing about C++ per se. It has been reported that the system is so powerful because of an early implementation made it more powerful than specified. Good. When you can use templates effectively in C++, you're an expert in C++.

The best way to learn any programming language is to practice and practice. Both C+ and Java are among the most popular languages and includes object-oriented programming.
The first question that arises is that which one of these to learn first. Both the languages are similar in many aspects like both include multiple inheritances, polymorphism, abstraction etc. But there is a difference in the way these features are implemented in both the languages. Keeping in mind the syntax of both the languages and the way the features of these are implemented, it is better to learn C+ before Java. Moreover, C+ is similar to C which is the most basic programming language. After learning C+, one can easily switch to Java.
Now, what are the habits which make you good at programming? Be regular, understand the basic concepts, practice as much as you can, that's it. The first stage is to completely understand the fundamentals of the language and practising at the same time. The second stage is solving higher level questions to improve your algo. Get enrolled in HackerRank and similar platforms to improve your coding skills further to compete with many more programmers like you. And the last stage is coming out with something different with your programming skills.
Where to learn these programming languages? I would like to name you a few good websites for learning programming.
For C+
Learn C+ - Covers a large number of topics and a good website for someone who previously knows some programming language.
Codesdope - A very good website for those who wish to learn a language completely from complete beginning
Cplusplus - Another good website for learning C+.
For Java
Codecademy - You can learn complete Java but it covers only beginner level Java without going much into
Tutorials Point - Covers a large number of Java topics and is good to start with
Codesdope - Good to understand the concepts clearly for anyone
Hope it helped.

Assuming you already know how to programme, I recommend Accelerated C+ by Andrew Koenig and Barbara E. Moo. It covers C+ thoroughly, with an example-driven approach, but without the extraneous cruft.
If you have little or no programming experience, I instead recommend C+ Primer by Stanley B. Lippman, Jose Lajoie, and Barbara E. Moo. Unlike Accelerated C+, it assumes very little about the reader, and thus covers a lot more of the basics in a slower, more methodical manner. Consequently, it is 3x the size.
You only need one.
As a second book, you must read Effective C+ by Scott Meyers. Meyer's highly-regarded work teaches you best practices in an approachable style.
Best of luck in your learning.