A Chronicle of Timekeeping Reading Answers: IELTS Reading Test

The below A Chronicle of Timekeeping IELTS Reading Passage for your practice is inspired by Cambridge 8 Reading Test 1 Passage 1. You should ideally spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13.

A Chronicle of Timekeeping

1. According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.
2. Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.
3. Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.
4. In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.
5. The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.
6. The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; It was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.
7. To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floorstanding case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.
8. Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.

Questions 1-8

The reading passage has seven paragraphs: A – H.

Choose the most suitable paragraph headings A – H from the list of headings. 

Write the appropriate numbers (i –xi) in the text boxes below the headings. 

NB There are more paragraph headings than paragraphs so you will not use them all. 

1. Lunar vs. Solar Calendars: Regional Differences
2. Advancements in Pendulum Clocks
   
3. The Role of Astronomy in Early Time Measurement
   
4. Early Timekeeping Devices: Sundials and Water Clocks
   
5. Modern Timekeeping Technologies
   
6. Historical Evolution of Timekeeping Systems
   
7. Invention of the Mechanical Clock and Its Features
   
8. Egyptian Innovations in Time Measurement
   
9. Transition from Temporal to Equal Hours
   
10. Impact of Environmental Factors on Timekeeping Methods
    
11. Origins of Timekeeping by the Babylonians

    1. Paragraph A

    Answer: xi
    Answer Location: The heading "Origins of Timekeeping by the Babylonians" fits Paragraph 1.
    Explanation: Paragraph 1 discusses how the Babylonians introduced timekeeping based on natural cycles such as the solar day, lunar month, and solar year, marking the origins of systematic time measurement.

    2. Paragraph B

    Answer: i
    Answer Location: The heading "Lunar vs. Solar Calendars: Regional Differences" is appropriate for Paragraph 2.
    Explanation: Paragraph 2 explains how the influence of the lunar and solar cycles on calendars varied depending on geographic location and climate, particularly comparing equatorial and northern regions.

    3. Paragraph C

    Answer: viii
    Answer Location: The heading "Egyptian Innovations in Time Measurement" fits Paragraph 3.
    Explanation: Paragraph 3 describes the Egyptian calendar system, their use of decans, and the development of temporal hours, showcasing their contributions to timekeeping.

    4. Paragraph D

    Answer: iv
    Answer Location: The heading "Early Timekeeping Devices: Sundials and Water Clocks" is suitable for Paragraph 4.
    Explanation: Paragraph 4 details the early timekeeping devices, such as sundials and water clocks, used to measure time during the day and night.

    5. Paragraph E

    Answer: ix
    Answer Location: The heading "Transition from Temporal to Equal Hours" matches Paragraph 5.
    Explanation: Paragraph 5 covers the shift from temporal hours to equal hours with the introduction of mechanical clocks and various systems of time division.

    6. Paragraph F

    Answer: vii
    Answer Location: The heading "Invention of the Mechanical Clock and Its Features" is correct for Paragraph 6.
    Explanation: Paragraph 6 discusses the early mechanical clocks, highlighting the importance of the escapement mechanism and the coiled spring invention.

    7. Paragraph G

    Answer: ii
    Answer Location: The heading "Advancements in Pendulum Clocks" fits Paragraph 7.
    Explanation: Paragraph 7 describes the development of the anchor escapement and its role in improving pendulum clocks, leading to more accurate timekeeping.

    8. Paragraph H

    Answer: v
    Answer Location: The heading "Modern Timekeeping Technologies" is appropriate for Paragraph 8.
    Explanation: Paragraph 8 explains how modern timekeeping technologies, such as quartz-crystal clocks and GPS time signals, are essential for various electronic devices and systems.

Questions 9-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this