The Return of the Huarango IELTS Reading Answers

The arid valleys of southern Peru are welcoming the return of a native plant.

The south coast of Peru is a narrow, 2,000-kilometre-long strip of desert squeezed between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. It is also one of the most fragile ecosystems on Earth. It hardly ever rains there, and the only year-round source of water is located tens of metres below the surface. This is why the huarango tree is so suited to life there: it has the longest roots of any tree in the world. They stretch down 50-80 metres and, as well as sucking up water for the tree, they bring it into the higher subsoil, creating a water source for other plant life.

Dr David Beresford-Jones, archaeobotanist at Cambridge University, has been studying the role of the huarango tree in landscape change in the Lower Ica Valley in southern Peru. He believes the huarango was key to the ancient people’s diet and, because it could reach deep water sources, it allowed local people to withstand years of drought when their other crops failed. But over the centuries huarango trees were gradually replaced with crops. Cutting down native woodland leads to erosion, as there is nothing to keep the soil in place. So when the huarangos go, the land turns into a desert. Nothing grows at all in the Lower Ica Valley now.

For centuries the huarango tree was vital to the people of the neighbouring Middle Ica Valley too. They grew vegetables under it and ate products made from its seed pods. Its leaves and bark were used for herbal remedies, while its branches were used for charcoal for cooking and heating, and its trunk was used to build houses. But now it is disappearing rapidly. The majority of the huarango forests in the valley have already been cleared for fuel and agriculture – initially, these were smallholdings, but now they’re huge farms producing crops for the international market.

‘Of the forests that were here 1,000 years ago, 99 per cent have already gone,’ says botanist Oliver Whaley from Kew Gardens in London, who, together with ethnobotanist Dr William Milliken, is running a pioneering project to protect and restore the rapidly disappearing habitat. In order to succeed, Whaley needs to get the local people on board, and that has meant overcoming local prejudices. ‘Increasingly aspirational communities think that if you plant food trees in your home or street, it shows you are poor, and still need to grow your own food,’ he says. In order to stop the Middle Ica Valley going the same way as the Lower Ica Valley, Whaley is encouraging locals to love the huarangos again. ‘It’s a process of cultural resuscitation,’ he says. He has already set up a huarango festival to reinstate a sense of pride in their eco-heritage, and has helped local schoolchildren plant thousands of trees.

‘In order to get people interested in habitat restoration, you need to plant a tree that is useful to them,’ says Whaley. So, he has been working with local families to attempt to create a sustainable income from the huarangos by turning their products into foodstuffs. ‘Boil up the beans and you get this thick brown syrup like molasses. You can also use it in drinks, soups or stews.’ The pods can be ground into flour to make cakes, and the seeds roasted into a sweet, chocolatey ‘coffee’. ‘It’s packed full of vitamins and minerals,’ Whaley says.

And some farmers are already planting huarangos. Alberto Benevides, owner of Ica Valley’s only certified organic farm, which Whaley helped set up, has been planting the tree for 13 years. He produces syrup and flour, and sells these products at an organic farmers’ market in Lima. His farm is relatively small and doesn’t yet provide him with enough to live on, but he hopes this will change. ‘The organic market is growing rapidly in Peru,’ Benevides says. ‘I am investing in the future.’

But even if Whaley can convince the local people to fall in love with the huarango again, there is still the threat of the larger farms. Some of these cut across the forests and break up the corridors that allow the essential movement of mammals, birds and pollen up and down the narrow forest strip. In the hope of counteracting this, he’s persuading farmers to let him plant forest corridors on their land. He believes the extra woodland will also benefit the farms by reducing their water usage through a lowering of evaporation and providing a refuge for bio-control insects.

‘If we can record biodiversity and see how it all works, then we’re in a good position to move on from there. Desert habitats can reduce down to very little,’ Whaley explains. ‘It’s not like a rainforest that needs to have this huge expanse. Life has always been confined to corridors and islands here. If you just have a few trees left, the population can grow up quickly because it’s used to exploiting water when it arrives.’ He sees his project as a model that has the potential to be rolled out across other arid areas around the world. ‘If we can do it here, in the most fragile system on Earth, then that’s a real message of hope for lots of places, including Africa, where there is drought and they just can’t afford to wait for rain.’

Questions 1-7

Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

Questions 8-12

Look at the following statements (Questions 8-12) and the list of people below
Match each statement with the correct person A-D.
Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 8-12 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once

List of people

1. Dr. David Beresford-Jones
2. Oliver Whaley
3. Alberto Benevides
4. Dr. William Milliken

   8. Led an initiative to save and improve the Huarango ecosystem.

   Answer: B - Oliver Whaley

   Answer location: Paragraph 4

   Explanation: Oliver Whaley led efforts to restore and protect the huarango's rapidly diminishing habitat. He is actively leading an initiative to conserve huarangos.

   9. Extensively researched the huarango tree's significance in ancient landscape changes.

   Answer: A - Dr. David Beresford-Jones

   Answer location: Paragraph 2

   Explanation: It was Dr. David Beresford-Jones who carried out significant research on the role of the huarango tree in historical landscape changes. His studies shed light on how the huarango impacts traditional diets and how people deal with drought.

   10. Focused on producing and selling environmentally friendly products made from huarangos.

   Answer: C - Alberto Benevides

   Answer location:  Paragraph 6

   Explanation: Alberto Benevides was an expert in producing and selling huarango-derived goods, including as flour and syrup. The primary purpose of his farm is to produce and market huarango goods.

   11. Collaborated on innovative plans for preventing the decline of huarango trees.

   Answer: D - Dr. William Milliken
   Answer location: Paragraph 4
   Explanation: According to their collaborative efforts, Dr. William Milliken worked with Oliver Whaley to design a strategy to decrease and restore the ecological harm caused by huarango forest deforestation.

   12. Promoted the use of sustainable methods to highlight the importance of huarangos to the local market.

   Answer: C - Alberto Benevides
   Answer location: Paragraph 6
   Explanation: Benevides promotes huarango items as an expanding market specialty. He says ‘The organic market is growing rapidly in Peru,’ further suggesting. ‘I am investing in the future.’

Choose the correct letter (A, B, C, or D) from the given options.

13. Which statement best summarises the overall analysis presented in the text?

1. Huarango tree's potential for reaching deep water sources is crucial for preventing Peru's desertification.
2. The huarango tree has declined historically due to its dependency on current agricultural methods.
3. In order to combat deforestation and strengthen local economies, initiatives to rebuild huarango forests are concentrated on utilizing the tree's products.
4. The emergence of more profitable crop alternatives has overshadowed the huarango tree, regardless of its historical significance.

   Answer for Question 13

   Answer - C
   Explanation - Answer C best summarizes the passage because it highlights the essence of current efforts: using huarango by-products to support local communities and restore forests. Answer A suggests ecological balance but does not include restoration efforts. Answer B includes historical decline, not the current situation. Answer D suggests replacement by other crops, not active restoration.