Current Affairs 2021: COVID-19 and India's response

Current Affairs 2021: COVID-19 and India's response

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Updated on Nov 16, 2021 18:03 IST

By Dr C. Jayanthi

India, a country that is a vast subcontinent, had to deal with the Covid 19 pandemic like every other country in the world. Like every other country in the world, it made its mistakes, and then got its act together. 

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The COVID-19 pandemic that swept India is a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This virus is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The very first cases of COVID-19 in India were reported on January 30, 2020 in three towns of Kerala, among three Indian medical students who had returned from Wuhan in China, the epicentre of the pandemic. 

This pandemic that created havoc worldwide, was spreading fast across the world, as no country had developed a vaccine. The whole world was totally unprepared. The only way to deal with it was considered to be lockdowns. This, of course, impeded free movement of people like in a curfew. It was considered the only way of dealing with the contagion. The World Health Organisation also approved of lockdowns as one of the major ways of containing and slowing down the spread of the pandemic. The other steps recommended were wearing masks and washing hands with soap. The virus spread through droplets emitted while a human speaks or coughs.

Lockdowns were announced in Kerala on March 23, 2020, and in the rest of the country on March 25, 2020. The nationwide lockdown created havoc in India as migrant labourers, who lost their jobs due to the lockdown, started walking home from the cities and towns, they were working in. Several lost their lives. Virtually, a month later after the migrants started walking home, the government organised special trains to transport people to their home town. Buses were also organised for the purpose. Some private citizens also helped in the mammoth task by organising transport across the country.

Daily cases of the peaked in mid-September 2020 with over 90,000 cases reported per day. This dropped to below 15,000 in January 2021. India began its vaccination programme on January 16, 2021 with the granting of emergency use to AstraZeneca vaccine (Covishield) and the indigenous Covaxin. Emergency use would mean that although enough vaccine clinical trials were not done on a cross-section of population, they were deemed safe to be administered to adult population in a country. In India, it meant those above 18 years of age were required to register on the CoWin platform of the government of India to receive a vaccine jab.

AstraZeneca is sold under the brand-name Covishield in India by Serum Institute of India, the private pharmaceutical company that was involved in the project of manufacturing the vaccine by Oxford University, UK.

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AstraZeneca’s vaccine contains a single active ingredient, called AZD-1222. This is the part of the vaccine that gives protection against the virus which causes Covid-19, known as Sars-CoV-2. AZD-1222 contains ChAdOx1-S which is the part of the vaccine-derived from a chimpanzee virus. ChAdOx1 is made by genetically modifying a chimpanzee adenovirus. 
It is common in many mammals including humans. The chimpanzee virus used to make ChAdOx1 is altered so that it is harmless and cannot replicate. Some of the genetic material from the Sars-CoV-2 virus has also been included in the chimpanzee virus. In particular, ChAdOx1-S includes the genetic information that codes for the distinctive spike protein on the outside of Sars-CoV-2. ChAdOx1-S is referred to as a viral vector. It acts as a delivery system for the part of the Sars-CoV-2 virus which is included in the vaccine. 
Since the actual Sars-CoV-2 virus would cause Covid-19, the small piece of it required for the vaccine is delivered in the harmless ChAdOx1-S vector instead.

Therefore, once our body learns to fight against this “imitative” virus, and develop antibodies, it will fight the actual virus when a human being gets infected.

On the other hand, Covaxin has been developed by Hyderabad-based Bharat Biotech International Ltd in association with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the National Institute of Virology (NIV). As the Delta variant is proving to be more infectious than the other COVID variants, the makers of Covaxin have started a new study to determine the effectiveness of the third dose of Covaxin (the booster dose). The results are expected to be made public in November 2021. Covaxin is an inactivated viral vaccine. The vaccine contains inactivated viruses, which cannot infect a person but still can teach the immune system to prepare a defence mechanism against the active virus.

It still requires the World Health Organisation approval although it is being used widely in India. Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine has also been approved for emergency use in India since April 2021. India achieved a milestone on October 21, 2021 as it crossed the inoculation of 100-crore (one billion) vaccine doses, according to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 

The 100-crore milestone was achieved in about 10 months after the inoculation drive was launched on January 16, 2021. The aim of the Government of India is to fully vaccinate the country's entire adult population by December this year.  This is a huge landmark for India as it was devastated by a second wave that began in March 2021. 

On 30 April 2021, it became the first country to report over 400,000 new cases in a 24-hour period. There were shortages of vaccines, hospital beds, oxygen cylinders and other medical supplies in different parts of the country. It is an aggressive vaccine drive by the central government which was sharply criticised by the Supreme Court and the media by the way it handled the second wave, which has led to less than 20,000 cases daily cases present in the country.

However, the country has only given two shots to 20 per cent of its population of about 1.4 billion, according to various reports. By comparison, 51% have had a single dose.  China, the only nation, on the other hand, to administer more vaccine doses than India, has fully inoculated some 1.05 billion, or 75 per cent of its citizens, as of late September, this year. India, therefore, has to catch up fast. Only a fully vaccinated population will lead to the eventual control and elimination of the deadly Covid 19 virus.

[Disclaimer: The views expressed in the article are that of the author.]

About the Author: 

   Dr C. Jayanthi is an academician. She started her career as a writer and has 20 years of rich         journalistic experience in senior editorial roles at leading media houses including The Times of       India, The Pioneer, Gulf News, The Financial Express, and Deccan Chronicle.    

Dr C Jayanthi

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