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Unit 1: Units and Measurement, Mechanics

Units for measurement, system of units-S.I., fundamental and derived units, measurements - errors in measurement - significant figures, dimensions - dimensional analysis - applications.

Laws of Motion: Newton’s laws of motion - force and inertia - impulse and momentum - law of conservation of linear momentum - applications - projectile motion-uniform circular motion -friction - laws of friction - applications - centripetal force.

Work, Energy and Power: Work - energy- potential energy and kinetic energy – power - collision-elastic and inelastic collisions.

Unit 2: Gravitation, Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

Gravitation: The universal law of gravitation, acceleration due to gravity - variation of ‘g’ with altitude, latitude and depth - gravitation potential - escape velocity and orbital velocity - geostationary satellites - Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.

Mechanics of solids and fluids: Solids - elastic behaviour, stress-strain - Hooke’s law - Modulli of elasticity - relation between them - surface tension capillarity - applications – viscosity - Poiseuille’s formula - Stokes law applications - streamline and turbulent flow - Reynolds number - Bernoulli’s theorem - applications.

Unit 3: Electrostatics

Electric charge - Conservation laws - Coulomb's law-principle of superposition - continuous charge distribution - electric field - electric field lines - electric dipole -electric field due to a dipole - torque on a dipole in uniform electric field - Electric flux - Gauss's theorem - field due to infinitely long straight wire - uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.

Electric potential - potential difference - equipotential surfaces - electrical potential energy - Dielectrics and electric polarization - capacitors and capacitance - combination of capacitors in series and in parallel - capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium - energy stored in a capacitor

Unit 4: Current Electricity

Electric current - drift velocity - mobility - Ohm's law -V-I characteristics - electrical energy and power - electrical resistivity and conductivity - Carbon resistors - series and parallel combinations of resistors - temperature dependence - Internal resistance of a cell - potential difference and emf of a cell - combination of cells in series and in parallel - Kirchhoff's laws – applications - Wheatstone bridge - Metre bridge - Potentiometer - comparison of EMF of two cells - measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

Unit 5: Magnetism and Magnetic effects of current

Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements -magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole - torque on a magnetic dipole - tangent law, tangent galvanometer deflection magnetometer - magnetic properties of a material – dia, para and ferromagnetic materials - applications. Magnetic effects of electric current - BiotSavart’s law - force on a moving charge in an uniform magnetic field - moving coil galvanometer - conversion of a galvanometer into voltmeter and ammeter.

Unit 6: Electromagnetic Induction, Alternating Currents and Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic induction - Faraday's laws, induced EMF and current - Lenz's Law - Eddy currents - Self and mutual induction - Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage - reactance and impedance - LC oscillations - LCR series circuit - resonance - power in AC circuits - power factor - wattless current - AC generator and transformer - Electromagnetic waves – characteristics - Electromagnetic spectrum.

Unit 7: Optics

Reflection of light - spherical mirrors - mirror formula - refraction of light -total internal reflection- optical fibers - refraction at spherical surfaces – lenses - thin lens formula - lensmaker's formula – magnification - power of a lens - combination of thin lenses in contact - refraction of light through a prism - Scattering of light -Microscopes and astronomical telescopes .

Wave front and Huygen's principle - reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface- laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle – Interference - Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width - diffraction due to a single slit -width of central maximum – polarization - plane polarised light - Brewster's law.

Unit 8: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter&Atomic Physics

Dual nature of radiation - Photoelectric effect - Hertz and Lenard's observations - Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.Matter waves-wave nature of particles - de-Broglie relation - Davisson-Germer experiment - Alpha-particle scattering experiment - Rutherford's model of atom - Bohr model - hydrogen spectrum.

Unit 9: Nuclear Physics

Nuclear radius, mass, binding energy, density, isotopes, mass defect- Bainbridge mass spectrometer-nuclear forces neutron discovery – radioactivity-α, β and γ decay-half life - mean life-artificial radio activity-radio isotopes-radio carbon dating-radiation hazards. Nuclear fission-nuclear reactor-nuclear fusion-hydrogen bomb - cosmic rays-elementary particles.

Unit 10: Electronic Devices

Semiconductors-doping-types-PN junction diode – biasing-diode as a Rectifier – Special purpose PN junction diodes – LED – photodiode - solar cell and zener diode - characteristics - zener diode as a voltage regulator- transistors-transistor characteristics – amplifier – gain-feedback in amplifiers-logic gates-basic logic gates-NOT, OR, AND, NOR, NAND-universal gates-De Morgan’s theorems.

Unit 1: Solutions

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult's law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hoff factor.

Unit 2: Electrochemistry

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion.

Unit 3: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

Unit 4: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic, lyophobic multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion - types of emulsions.

Unit 5: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, oxidation, reduction - electrolytic method and refining.

Unit 6: p -Block Elements

Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur - allotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: Preparation Properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxide, Sulphuric Acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only). Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and

Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only). Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit 7:‘d’ and ‘f’ Block Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals - metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation Lanthanides - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanide contraction and its consequences

Unit 8: Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system).

Unit 9: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation.

Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

Unit 10: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit 11: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

Unit 12: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Cyanides and Isocyanides

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Unit 13: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates.

Proteins -Elementary idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.

Vitamins - Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

Unit 14: Polymers

Copolymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, and rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

Unit 15: Chemistry in Everyday life

Chemicals in medicines - analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. Chemicals in food - preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants. Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

Polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions. Inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity, differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, differentiation of trigonometric, inverse Trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions, up to second-order derivatives.

Applications of Differential Calculus: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic-increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals, Rolle’s and Lagrange’s mean value theorems. Ordinary differential equations, order and degree. Formation of differential equations, and solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables. Solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations and those of the type dy/dx +p(x)y=q(x).

• Straight Lines in Two Dimensions: Straight line - Normal form – Illustrations. Straight line – Symmetric form. Straight line - Reduction into various forms. The intersection of two Straight Lines. The slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes. Family of straight lines - Concurrent lines. Condition for
  Concurrent lines. Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in the plane, distance formula, area of a triangle and condition for the collinearity of three points and section formula, Concurrent lines - properties Related to a triangle. Centroid and incentre of a triangle, locus and its equation.
• Circles in Two Dimensions: Standard form of the equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle in the parametric form, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to the circle.
• Conic Sections in Two Dimensions: Sections of cones, equations of conic
  sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard form. Problems using their geometrical properties.

Unit 1: Diversity in Living World

Biodiversity, Importance of classifications, Taxonomy & Systematics, Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy, Binomial nomenclature, Tools for study of Taxonomy.

Five kingdom classification: Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids. Salient features of them.

Classification of plants into major groups - Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm - salient and distinguishing features. Angiosperms - classification up to class, characteristic features and examples.

Classification of animals- non chordate up to phyla level and chordate up to class’s level - salient and distinguishing features.

Unit 2: Structural Organization in Animals and Plants

Plant tissues: Morphology and modifications, Tissues, Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed. 

Animal tissues: Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, Respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach)

Unit 3: Cell Structure and Function

Cell theory, Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, Plant cell and animal cell. Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall. Cell organelles - structure and function: Endomembrane system- endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies: Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles. Nucleus – nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus. 

Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules – structure and function of proteins including Enzymes–types, properties, enzyme action, carbodydrates, lipid and nucleic acids.

Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

Unit 4: Plant Physiology

Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients, Cell to cell transport – Diffusion,

active transport; Plant – water relations– Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water – Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; Transpiration– Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients– Transport of food, phloem transport. 

Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role, Deficiency symptoms, Mineral toxicity, Elementary idea of Hydroponics, Nitrogen metabolism

Photosynthesis: Significance - site of photosynthesis - Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis, Cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

Respiration: Cellular respiration – glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), Kreb’s cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations – Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

Plant growth and development: Seed germination, Phases of plant growth and plant growth rate,

Conditions of growth, Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell, Growth regulators: auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA. Seed dormancy, Photoperiodism, Vernalisation.

Unit 5: Human Physiology

Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands, Role of digestive enzymes and

gastrointestinal hormones, Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, Calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders– PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.

Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals, Respiratory system in humans, Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans– Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes, Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood, Composition of lymph and its function, Human circulatory system – Structure of human heart and blood vessels, Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation, Regulation of cardiac activity, Disorders of circulatory system - Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion – Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism, Human excretory system–structure and fuction, Urine formation, Osmoregulation, Regulation of kidney function– Renin - angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus, Role of other organs in excretion, Disorders - Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis, Dialysis and artificial kidney.

Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement – ciliary, flagellar, muscular, skeletal muscle –

contractile proteins and muscle contraction, Skeletal system and its functions, Joints, Disorders of muscular and skeletal system - Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves, Nervous system in humans– central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system, Generation and conduction of nerve impulse, Reflex action, Sensory perception, Sense organs, Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.

Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones, Human endocrine system -Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads. Mechanism of hormone action, Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders: Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease.

Unit 6: Reproduction

Reproduction in Organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species, modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction - binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation, vegetative propagation in plants.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Flower structure, development of male and female gametophytes, pollination - types, agencies and examples, out breeding devices, pollen-pistil interaction, double fertilization, post fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit, special modes apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony, Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.

Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems, microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary, gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and oogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation, pregnancy and placenta formation, parturition, lactation.

Reproductive Health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), birth control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP), amniocentesis, infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT.

Unit 7: Genetics and Evolution

Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Heredity and variation, Mendelian inheritance, deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co - dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance, chromosome theory of inheritance, chromosomes and genes, Sex determination in humans, birds and honey bee, linkage and crossing over, sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness, Mendelian disorders in humans – thalassemia, chromosomal disorders in humans, Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.

Molecular Basis of Inheritance: DNA as genetic material, Structure of DNA and RNA, DNA packaging and replication, Central dogma, transcription, genetic code, translation, gene expression and regulation - lac operon, genome and human and rice genome projects, DNA fingerprinting.

Evolution: Origin of life, biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences), Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution, mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.

Unit 8: Biology and Human Welfare

Human Health and Diseases: Pathogens, parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chickengunia, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control, Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines, cancer, HIV and AIDS, Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse.

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production: Improvement in food production, Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculture and Animal husbandry.

Microbes in Human Welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics - production and judicious use.

Unit 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications

Biotechnology - Principles and processes: Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).

Biotechnology and its Application: Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic animals, biosafety issues, bio piracy and patents.

Unit 10: Ecology and Environment

Organisms and Populations: Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, population and ecological adaptations, population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism, population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

Ecosystem: Ecosystems: Patterns, components, productivity and decomposition, energy flow, pyramids of number, biomass, energy, nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous), ecological succession, ecological services - carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release.

Biodiversity and its Conservation: Biodiversity - Concept, patterns, importance, loss of biodiversity, biodiversity conservation, hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

Environmental Issues: Air pollution and its control, water pollution and its control, agrochemicals and their effects, solid waste management, radioactive waste management, greenhouse effect and climate change impact and mitigation, ozone layer depletion, deforestation, any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).

Number System

Properties of numbers, Divisibility rules, Unit digit, Euclid’s algorithm, LCM and GCD

Statistics

Arithmetic mean, weighted mean, Geometric mean

Percentage

Percentage change-increase or decrease

Profit and Loss

Computing percentage of profit or loss and profit/loss value

Quadratic Equation

Nature of roots, Relationship between roots and coefficients, Solutions of quadratic equations

Geometry

Similar triangles, Lines and angles, Circles and Quadrilaterals

Arrangement

Ordering, Grading and Ranking, coding and decoding

Direction Sense test

Finding direction, distance or both

Linear Equation

Solving simultaneous equations, Test of consistency, problems on ages

Trigonometry

Values of trigonometric ratios, Identities, Heights and distances

Units and Measurements

1-2

Gravitation Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

2-4

Electrostatics

2-4

Current Electricity

2-4

Electrostatics

3-4

Magnetism and Magnetic Effects of Current

3-5

Electromagnetic induction and alternating currents

3-4

Optics

3-4

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter & Atomic Physics

3-4

Nuclear Physics

4-5

Electronics and Semiconductor Devices

4-5

Sets, Relations and Functions

2-3

Complex Numbers And Quadratic Equations

3-4

Matrices And Determinants

2-3

Permutation and Combination

2-3

Probability

3-4

Algebra

3-4

Differential Calculus and its

Applications

3-4

Integral Calculus and its Applications

3-4

Analytical Geometry

4-5

Vector Algebra

4-5

Statistics And Probability Distribution

4-5

Trigonometry

3-4

Solutions

2-3

Electrochemistry

3-4

Chemical Kinetics

3-4

Surface Chemistry

2-3

Electrolysis

2-3

P Block Elements

3-4

D And F Block Elements

3-4

Coordination Compounds

2-3

Haloalkanes And Haloarene

2-3

Alcohols, Phenols And Ethers

2-3

Aldehydes, Ketones And Carboxylic Acids

3-4

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

2-3

Biomolecules

1-3

Polymers

2-3

Application Of Chemistry

1-2