UGC NET Syllabus 2024 for Paper 1 & 2: Download Latest Syllabus PDF

The UGC chairman informed through his social media handle that the syllabus of UGC NET 2024 will be revised soon. However, the aspirants will be provided sufficient time to get the preparation time before changing the UGC NET syllabus. The decision to change the syllabus was taken by the Commission on November 3, 2023, in a meeting. The need for change was awakened due to the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020. The new syllabus for all subjects will be revised according to the NEP 2020.

The Latest UGC NET syllabus 2024 will be uploaded on the page as soon as it gets revamped and uploaded on the official website-ugcnet.nta.ac.in.

Also Read: Interview With UGC Chairman on UGC NET Syllabus Revision

UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus 2024 comprises topics from General Paper on Teaching and Research Aptitude, which is common and mandatory for all candidates. Check the complete UGC NET Syllabus for Paper 1 below.

Unit-I: Teaching Aptitude

• Teaching: Concept, objectives, levels of teaching (memory, understanding, and reflective), characteristics, and basic requirements
• Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (academic, social, emotional and cognitive), individual differences
• Factors affecting teaching related to Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment, and Institution
• Methods of teaching in higher learning institutions: Teacher-centred vs learner-centered methods; offline vs online methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs, etc.).
• Teaching support system: Traditional, modern, and ICT based
• Evaluation systems: Elements and types of evaluation, evaluation in Choice Based Credit Systems in higher education, computer-based testing, innovations in evaluation systems

Unit-II: Research Aptitude

• Research: Meaning, types, and characteristics, positivism and post-positivistic approach to research
• Methods of research: Experimental, descriptive, historical, qualitative and quantitative methods
• Steps of research
• Thesis and article writing: Format and styles of referencing
• Application of ICT in research
• Research ethics

Also Read: UGC NET Exam Date 2024

Unit-III: Comprehension

• A passage of text is given. Questions are asked from the passage which needs to be answered.

Unit-IV: Communication

• Communication: Meaning, types, and characteristics of communication
• Effective communication: Verbal and non-verbal, inter-cultural and group communications, classroom communication
• Barriers to effective communication
• Mass-media and society

Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude

• Types of reasoning
• Number series, letter series, codes, and relationships
• Mathematical aptitude (fraction, time & distance, ratio, proportion and percentage, profit and loss, interest and discounting, averages etc.)

Also Read: UGC NET Cut Off

Unit-VI: Logical Reasoning

• Understanding the structure of arguments: Argument forms, the structure of categorical propositions, mood and figure, formal and informal fallacies, uses of language, connotations, and denotations of terms, the classical square of opposition
• Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning
• Analogies
• Venn diagram: Simple and multiple uses for establishing the validity of arguments
• Indian Logic: Means of knowledge
• Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension)
• Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference)

Unit-VII: Data Interpretation

• Sources, acquisition and classification of data
• Quantitative and qualitative data
• Graphical representation (bar-chart, histograms, pie-chart, table-chart and line-chart) and mapping of data
• Data interpretation
• Data and governance

Unit-VIII: Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

• ICT: General abbreviations and terminology
• Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing
• Digital initiatives in higher education
• ICT and Governance

Unit-IX: People, Development and Environment

• Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals
• Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on the environment
• Environmental issues: Local, regional and global; air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), climate change and its socio-economic and political dimensions
• Impacts of pollutants on human health
• Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests
• Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies
• Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance

Also Read: UGC NET English Syllabus 2024

Unit-X: Higher Education System

• Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India
• Evolution of higher learning and research in post-independence India
• Oriental, conventional and non-conventional learning programmes in India
• Professional, technical and skill-based education.
• Value education and environmental education
• Policies, governance, and administration

The candidates who are preparing for the UGC NET exam can check the PDF for the UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus. The PDF can be downloaded and can be used while preparing for the exam. The Paper comprises 10 units and holds a total of 100 marks in the UGC NET exam. The PDFlink has been given below for the candidates:

UGC NET 2024 Syllabus PDF Link: Download Here

UGC NET Teaching Aptitude Syllabus 

The teaching aptitude section is designed to measure the teaching tendency of a candidate. The questions are based on pedagogy and classroom-based activities. The complete syllabus of teaching aptitude has been given below:

• Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding, and Reflective), Characteristics, and basic requirements.
• Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (Academic, Social, Emotional, and Cognitive), Individual differences.
• Factors affecting teaching related to Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment, and Institution.
• Methods of teaching in Institutions of higher learning: Teacher-centered vs. Learner-centered methods; offline vs. Online methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs, etc.).
• Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern, and ICT-based.
• Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of Evaluation, Evaluation in Choice Based Credit System in Higher Education, Computer-based Testing, Innovations in evaluation systems

Also Read: SSC JE 2024

UGC NET Research Aptitude Syllabus

The research aptitude section is taken to measure the tendency and knowledge of the candidates which will be used while doing the PhD. The syllabus for the UGC NET Research Aptitude has been given below for the candidates:

• Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Post-positivist approach to research.
• Methods of Research: Experimental, Descriptive, Historical, Qualitative, and Quantitative Methods.
• Steps of Research.
• Thesis and Article writing: Format and styles of referencing.
• Application of ICT in research.
• Research ethics

Also Read: SSC JE exam 

UGC NET Communication Syllabus

The UGC NET communication syllabus is designed to test the communication knowledge of the candidates. The syllabus of the UGC NET communication syllabus has been given below for the candidates:

• Communication: Meaning, types, and characteristics of communication.
• Effective communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group communications, Classroom communication
• Barriers to effective communication
• Mass-Media and Society

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Also Read:

• Basics of Sequence and Series
• Basics of Differential Equations
• Basics of Vector Algebra
• Basics of Determinants
• Basics of Mensuration
• Basics of Relations and Functions
• Basics of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

• Basics of Sets

• Basics of Probability 

• Basics of Game Theory

UGC NET Paper 2 exam is subject-specific and based on the subjects chosen by the candidate. Paper 2 comprises 100 questions that hold two marks for each correct answer. The maximum mark in Paper 2 is two hundred. The candidates have to start preparing for the paper 2 exams from their university days as paper 2 is for specialisation. The candidates have to choose the subject that they have studied in their post-graduation for paper 2. The PDF for the UGC NET Paper 2 syllabus has been given below for the candidates.

Download Subject Wise UGC NET Paper 2 Syllabus PDF

The subject for UGC NET Paper 2 needs to be chosen by the candidate. A candidate can choose the subject of his/her post-graduation or a related subject. NTA UGC NET December session will be conducted for a total of 85 subjects. Click on the PDF links below to check the UGC NET Paper 2 syllabus for all 85 subjects.

Also Read: UGC NET exam pattern 2024

The candidates preparing for the UGC NET exam 2024 must go through the detailed syllabus of the subject that they are appearing for. The detailed subject-wise syllabus has been given for the candidates in the article below. The detailed syllabus will help the candidates to make a strategy for the UGC NET 2024 exam. 

Candidates can check below in detail about the Ayurveda Biology syllabus unit-wise. In total, the syllabus consists of ten units. Scroll down for detailed Ayurveda biology syllabus.
Ayurveda Biology (Units)

Unit 1: History and Development of Ayurveda

Unit 2: Philosophy and Fundamental Principles of Ayurveda 

Unit 3: Sharira Rachna and Kriya

Unit 4: Padartha Vijnana and Dravya Vijnana

Unit 5: Rasa Shastra, Bheshajya Kalpana and Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia

Unit 6: Disease Biology, Microbiology and Immunology

Unit 7: Genetics, Ayurgenomics, Cell and Molecular Biology

Unit 8: Physiology, Biochemistry and Nanotechnology

Unit 9: Biodiversity and Environmental Health, IPR and Entrepreneurship

Unit 10: Research Methodology, Biostatistics and Ayurveda-informatics

Check below the detailed Ayurveda Biology syllabus:

Unit 1: History and Development of Ayurveda

i. Vedic origin & chronological development of Āyurveda
ii. Āyurveda and various schools
iii. Understanding and relevance of aṣṭāṅga āyurveda
iv. Basic Texts and commentaries of Āyurveda
v. Contribution of commentators to Āyurveda
vi. Introduction to bṛhattrayī and its importance
vii. Introduction to laghutrayī and its importance
viii. Basic understanding of nighaṇṭu and kośa of Āyurveda
ix. Contribution of contemporary publications in Āyurveda
x. Government initiatives for development of Āyurveda

Unit 2: Philosophy and Fundamental Principles of Ayurveda

i. āyu - lakṣaṇa, paryāya, paribhāṣā and pramāṇa
ii. Definitions of śarīra, jñānendriya, karmendriya, mana, buddhi, citta, ahaṃkāra, ātmā
iii. lokapuruṣa sāmya siddhānta, ekadhātu puruṣa, ṣaḍdhātuja puruṣa, caturviṃśati tatvātmaka puruṣa and their relevance
iv. Definitions of Ayurveda – hitāyu - ahitāyu, sukhāyu - dukhāyu, trisūtra āyurveda - hetu-
liṅga-auṣadha-jñāna svastha ātura
v. svāsthya lakṣaṇa - - Dimensions of Health Corresponding to nature, prakṛti, ṛtucaryā, dinacaryā, svasthavṛtta
vi. paṃcamahābhūta – ākāśa-vāyu-agni-jala-pṛthvī and their specific properties
vii. Theories of sāmānya and viśeṣa
viii. padārtha – theories of dravya-guṇa-karma-sāmānya-viśeṣa-samavāya
ix. doṣa – śarīrika and mānasika
x. Introduction to dhātu, mala, agni and srotas

Unit 3: Sharira Rachna and Kriya

i. Introduction to śarīra racanā kriyā
ii. garbhaśarīra (fetal development) - śukra, ārtava, garbhādhāna, garbha and
māsānumāsika garbha
iii. Introduction to śarīra pramāṇa, saṃkhyā śarīra, aṅga-pratyaṅga-koṣṭhāṅga and āśaya
iv. Introduction to deha prakṛti and mānasa prakṛti
v. Introduction to doṣa, sapta dhātu and mala vijñāna
vi. Definition and types of - asthi, sandhi, snāyu, peśī, parva and kaṇḍarā
vii. Definition, types and numbers of srotas, dhamanī, śirā and nāḍī
viii. ojas and its importance
ix. Definition of agni and types – jaṭharāgni, dhātvāgni and bhūtāgni
x. marma - Definition and types

Unit 4: Padartha Vijnana and Dravya Vijnana

i. padārtha – Definition and types - saptapadārtha
ii. Definition and types of pramā, prameya, pramātā, pramāṇa and pramāṇa catuṣṭaya
iii. pramāṇa - Definition and types - āptopadeśa, pratyakṣa, anumāna and yukti pramāṇa
iv. Origin of dravya, Definition and types - kāraṇa and kārya dravya
v. auṣadha and āhāra dravya, āyuṣya – anāyuṣya dravya
vi. Basic concept of rasa pañcaka
vii. dravya - nāma-rūpa-guṇa-karma-yoga-prayoga-saṃyoga vijñāna
viii. Basic concept, classification, and application guṇa, vīrya and vipāka
ix. Basic concept of karma and its classification
x. dravya in accordance with karma and its uses in health and disease

Unit 5: Rasa Shastra, Bheshajya Kalpana and Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia

• Rasa Shastra and bhaiṣajya Kalpana:

i. Origin and Development of rasa śāstra and bhaiṣajya kalpanā
ii. rasa - Definition, Types of rasa śodhana prakāra and saṃskāra
iii. uparasa sādhāraṇa rasa, ratna, and uparatna, – Definition; Types of śodhana and māraṇa
iv. Principles of auṣadha nirmāṇa, jāraṇa, māraṇa, satvapātana, nirvāpa and āvāpa
v. Basic concept of bhaiṣajya kalpanā
vi. rasaśālā - Conventional and Contemporary aspects, Good Collection Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices
vii. Basic Pharmaceutical dosage forms and Secondary dosage forms of āyurveda
viii. Definition of puṭa, its types and use in various pharmaceutical forms
ix. auṣadha sevana kāla and auṣadha sevana mārga

• Pharmacopeia:

i. Āyurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) - Introduction, development and importance
ii. Āyurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) - Introduction, development and importance
iii. Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 in relation to ASU Drugs and Standardization of ASU drugs
iv. Extra-pharmacopoeial drugs (Anukta dravya) not finding place in Ayurvedic Classics
v. Knowledge of pharmaco-vigilance in Āyurveda and conventional system of medicine
vi. Pharmacogenomics of active compounds of Āyurveda and multi-omics approach

Unit 6: Disease Biology, Microbiology, and Immunology

• Disease Biology:

i. Definition of disease, Etiology and Pathology
ii. Congenital and Acquired diseases
iii. Communicable and Non-communicable diseases
iv. Genetic and Epigenetic factors in health and diseases
v. Autoimmune diseases and Lifestyle disorders
vi. Deficiency and Metabolic diseases
vii. Psychological disorders
viii. Benign tumors and various types of cancers

• Microbiology:

i. Historical perspectives of Microbiology, Immunization, Epidemics and Pandemics
ii. Antimicrobial resistance, Immune response by microorganisms, Sterilization and disinfection
iii. Microbial Diversity and Physiology
iv. Gut-Brain axis (GBA) and Microbiome
v. Microorganisms isolation and characterization, culture media
vi. Environmental microflora, Bio-remediation, Dairy microbiology, Indicator organisms and tests and water borne diseases
vii. Genetic Recombination, Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction

• Immunology:

i. Role of RBCs, WBCs, platelets and plasma proteins in immune mechanisms
ii. Biophysics of Immune System, Structure of antigen and antibody molecules, Antigen recognition by T cell and B cells, B-cell receptors, TCR gene rearrangement, antigen presentation and MHC/HLA complex
iii. Antigen antibody reactions, Innate immune cells, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) and Complement system
iv. Natural and Acquired immunity, cell-mediated immunity and toxicity and cytokines
v. Immunopathology  and  autoimmune  diseases,  transplant  rejection  and  allergy, Immunomodulators
vi. Antibody isolation and purification, ELISA, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, immune cell isolation, flow cytometry and Immunotherapy
vii. History of vaccines, attenuated vaccine, heat-killed vaccine, subunit vaccine, recombinant vaccine, DNA vaccine, RNA vaccine, dendritic cell-based vaccine, Virus- Like Particles, adjuvants and their role in vaccine

Unit 7: Genetics, Ayurgenomics, Cell and Molecular Biology

• Genetics and Ayurgenomics:

i. Principles of Inheritance and Variation, Historical Perspectives of Genetics
ii. Human genome and its evolution
iii. Exploring genotype to phenotype correlation, Multi-OMIC and its correlation with doṣa- prakṛti and medicinal plants
iv. Basics of human genomics, regulatory mechanisms of genetic variation, its role in health, diseases and adaptation including drug response
v. Population genomics, Disease genomics, Pharmaco-genomics, Nutrigenomics, and scientific approaches and initiatives towards discovery of biomarkers
vi. Approach, limitation and challenges in discovery, development and delivery of P4 and P5 (Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, Participatory and Promotive) medicinal aspects of Āyurveda

• Cell and Molecular Biology:

i. Plant and animal cells - Structure and Function
ii. Early evidences and Experiments of DNA as the genetic material, Chemistry of Nucleic acids, Nucleotides, Chargaff’s rule
iii. Watson-Crick model and forms of DNA; types of RNAs, Concept of gene and genome, difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotic genes, C-value paradox, Triplexes, quadruplexes and aptamers
iv. DNA replication-conservative, semi-conservative and dispersive models, DNA replicative enzymes and mechanisms of DNA replication
v. Types of gene mutations - base substitution, frame shift mutation, insertion, deletion, missense, nonsense, reverse, suppressor and lethal mutations; DNA damage and repair mechanisms
vi. Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes, structure of prokaryotic gene, structure and functions of RNA polymerase and its subunits
vii. Mechanism of Gene Transcription and Translation, Genetic code, Gene structure, expression and regulation in eukaryotes, RNA polymerases, Post transcriptional modifications and Operon concept
viii. Basic concepts of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Unit 8: Physiology, Biochemistry and Nanotechnology

• Physiology:

i. Fundamentals of human physiology and cellular function
ii. Digestive System – Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism
iii. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems – Breathing and exchange of gases, Body fluids and circulation
iv. Nervous Systems – Central and Autonomic nervous system, Neurophysiology and Cerebrospinal fluids
v. Excretory and Endocrine Systems – Excretory products and their elimination from the body, acid-base regulation, Endocrine glands and Hormonal functions
vi. Reproductive System – Human reproductive physiology and Embryonic development
vii. Voluntary and Involuntary movements and their coordination

• Biochemistry:

i. Concept of atoms and molecules, molecular interactions, stereochemistry and their importance in biological systems
ii. Carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism, Disorders associated with carbohydrate metabolism
iii. Lipid chemistry and metabolism, Disorders associated with lipid metabolism, Lipidomics
iv. Chemistry and metabolism of Proteins and Amino acids, Ramachandran plot, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, Mechanisms and specificity of Enzymes, Coenzymes and Cofactors, Disorders associated with protein and amino acid metabolism, proteomics
v. Heme synthesis and disorders
vi. Structure, function and metabolisms of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA

• Nanotechnology:

i. Physical properties and types of the nanoparticles, Nanoparticles of various basic pharmaceutical forms of Āyurveda and Green nanotechnology
ii. Synthesis of nanomaterials using different methods, Molecular basis of biosynthesis of nanomaterials, assessment of plant, animal and mineral-based drugs for nanomaterials
iii. Characterizations of nanoparticles - transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), fluroscence microscopy, atomic force microscope (AFM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV – visible absorption; photoluminescence; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS)
iv. Nanomaterials in bio-sensors and other applications and Interaction of nanomaterials
v. Molecular basis of nano-formulations

Unit 9: Biodiversity and Environmental Health, IPR and Entrepreneurship

• Biodiversity and Environmental Health:

i. Biodiversity of Medicinal plants and animals, Concept and Practices of environmental health, Pathways for synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites and their uses
ii. Pharmacological properties of secondary and active metabolites of medicinal plants used in Āyurveda
iii. Concept of ecosystem, structure, function and types of ecosystem, energy flow in an ecosystem: food chain, food web and ecological succession
iv. Biodiversity and its conservation, Levels of biological diversity, biogeography zones of India, biodiversity patterns and global biodiversity hot spots, India as a mega- biodiversity nation
v. Renewable and non-renewable biological resources and their importance in longevity of life
vi. Degradation of biodiversity, loss of medicinal plants and animal life, and its impact on indigenous knowledge

• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR):

i. Concept, meaning and types of Intellectual Property (IP), Origin, nature, philosophy and importance of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Current Best Practices (CBP) and legal framework of IPR
ii. Protection of Traditional Knowledge System (TKS), prevention of bio-piracy and bio- prospecting, benefits to national economy, conservation of environment, protection of livelihood of TK stake- holders, TKS and innovation in Indian medicine system
iii. Introduction to the Indian patent office and National Biodiversity Authority and their role in the protection of TKS, Different types of IPR protection in India, Indian Legislations – Patents Act of India (1970); Biological Diversity Act (2002), Convention of Biological Diversity (1992), Plant Protection Variety and Farmers Rights Act (2001) and Geographical Indication Act 1999 etc. with respect to TKS
iv. The role of databases and registers in the legal protection of TKS - Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) through World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)
v. WTO, TRIPS, World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); FAO; Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing

• Entrepreneurship:

i. Definition of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurial traits, and Entrepreneur versus Manager,
Entrepreneurial decision processes, Ethical, Legal and Socio-cultural responsibilities
ii. Opportunities for Entrepreneurs in relation to food and drugs of Ayurveda for wellness
iii. Innovations and new ideas in Āyurveda R&D, Product planning, development and troubleshooting, Types of Āyurveda industries and manufacturing, and Competitive dynamics between the sub-industries
iv. Entrepreneurship development programs of public and private agencies (MSME, Ministry of Ayush, Make in India), Challenges in Āyurveda industry and decision-making, Patenting and Commercialization strategies
v. Laboratory to market - strategies and processes of negotiation with financiers, government and regulatory authorities, Pricing strategy, challenges in marketing in Āyurveda business, Distribution channels, supply chain, Analysis and management of customer needs
vi. Business preparation including statutory and legal requirements, business feasibility study, Financial management in capital procurement and cost management, Collaborations and partnership

Unit 10: Research Methodology, Biostatistics and Ayurveda-informatics

• Research Methodology

i. Research Methodologies and Bioethics in Āyurveda
ii. Fundamental principles-based research in Āyurveda
iii. Food and drug-based research in Ayurveda
iv. Pre-clinical and Clinical trials - types, protocol designing and data management in accordance with the principles of Āyurveda.
v. Various extraction methods of plant materials, Concept of polarity for extraction and Solvents used for the extraction
vi. Purification of bioactive compounds through various chromatographic methods
vii. Identification of Functional Groups in Phytochemicals
 
• Biostatistics:

i. Average, Mean, Mode, Median; Descriptive statistics, Various Statistical tests of significance and Analysis of variance
ii. Power and sample size calculation and Basic Principles of Statistical Inference
iii. Correlation analysis, Regression analysis and Survival analysis
iv. Genome Mapping Statistics and Bioinformatics
v. Types of data and its classification, multi-dimensional data, big data, meta data, linear algebraic treatment to data, matrices, eigen values and eigenvectors, and singular value decomposition.
vi. Exploratory data analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

• Ayurveda-informatics:

i. Chronological Development of Āyurvedic drug manufacturing industries
ii. Government policies and initiatives for the development of Āyurveda as traditional System of Medicine of India for the wellbeing of the world
iii. Ordinance, Rules and Regulations in the manufacturing of quality, safety and efficacy of Āyurvedic drugs for the consumers
iv. Review of important modern works on classical medicinal plants published by Ministry of AYUSH and ICMR, Govt of India
v. Important organizations of Ayurveda – National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM), Central Council for Research in Āyurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), Āyurvedic Pharmacopeia commission, National Medicinal Plants Board and Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), etc
vi. Research publication portals in Āyurveda and contemporary medical science - DHARA, PubMed, Ayush Research Portal, Bioinformatics Centre and Research Management Informatic System
vii. Use of modern technology to confirm the various fundamental principles, drug research and development for communicable and non-communicable diseases
viii. Health informatics in Āyurveda in present global scenario

The candidates can check the UGC NET 2024 Geography Paper 2 syllabus. The candidates can curate their preparation strategy if they know the latest UGC NET Geography syllabus. The syllabus for the UGC NET Geography is divided into ten units. The brief details of the of the UGC NET Geography syllabus is given below:

UNIT 1: Geomorphology 

Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces. Denudation and Weathering, Geomorphic Cycle (Davis and Penck), Theories and Process of Slope Development, Earth Movements (seismicity, folding, faulting and vulcanicity), Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and avalanches) 

Also Read: How to Fill UGC NET Online Form? 

UNIT 2: Climatology

Composition and Structure of Atmosphere; Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth, Temperature, Pressure and Winds, Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts and upper air circulation, cyclones and anticyclones (tropical and temperate), Climatic Classification of Koppen & Thornthwaite, ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and Southern Oscillations), Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and Cold waves Drought and Cloudburst, Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Climate Change: Evidences and Causes of Climatic Change in the past, Human impact on Global Climate. 

UNIT 3: Oceanography 

Relief of Oceans, Composition: Temperature, Density and Salinity, Circulation: Warm and Cold Currents, Waves, Tides, Sea Level Changes, Hazards: Tsunami and Cyclone 

UNIT 4: Geography of Environment 

Components: Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology, Functions: Trophic Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid, Human Interaction and Impacts, Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology, Environmental Hazards and Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water Pollution, Land Degradation), National Programmes and Policies: Legal Framework, Environmental Policy, International Treaties, International Programmes and Polices (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement)

UNIT 5: Population and Settlement Geography

Population Geography: Sources of population data (census, sample surveys and vital statistics, data reliability and errors). World Population Distribution (measures, patterns and determinants), World Population Growth (prehistoric to modern period). Demographic Transition, Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and Ricardo). Fertility and Mortality Analysis (indices, determinants and world patterns). Migration (types, causes and consequences and models), Population Composition and Characteristics (age, sex, rural-urban, occupational structure and Geographical levels), Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries.

Settlement Geography: Rural Settlements (types, patterns and distribution), Contemporary Problems of Rural Settlements ( rural-urban migration; land use changes; land acquisition and transactions), Theories of Origin of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis Mumford), Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries (factors of urban growth, trends of urbanisation, size, structure and functions of urban areas). Urban Systems ( the law of the primate city and rank-size rule) Central Place Theories (Christaller and Losch), Internal Structure of the City, Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ullman, and Hoyt), Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities, Changing Urban Forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban, ring and satellite towns), Social Segregation in the City, Urban Social Area Analysis, Manifestation of Poverty in the City (slums, informal sector growth, crime and social exclusion)

Also Read: UGC NET Education Question Paper

Unit 6: Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development 

Economic Geography: Factors affecting the spatial organisation of economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary), Natural Resources (classification, distribution and associated problems), and Natural Resources Management. World Energy Crises in Developed and Developing Countries.

Agricultural Geography: Land capability classification and Land Use Planning, Cropping Pattern: Methods of delineating crop combination regions (Weaver, Doi and Rafiullah), Crop diversification, Von Thunen’s Model of Land Use Planning. Measurement and Determinants of Agricultural Productivity, Regional variations in Agricultural Productivity, Agricultural Systems of the World.

Industrial Geography: Classification of Industries, Factors of Industrial Location; Theories of Industrial Location (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover, August Losch, A. Pred and D. M. Smith). World Industrial Regions, Impact of Globalisation on the manufacturing sector in Less Developed Countries, Tourism Industry, World Distribution and growth of Information And Communication Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production (Geography and R & D) Industries.

Geography of Transport and Trade: Theories and Models of spatial interaction (Edward Ullman and M. E. Hurst) Measures and Indices of connectivity and accessibility; Spatial Flow Models: Gravity Model and its variants, World Trade Organisation, Globalisation and Liberalisation and World Trade Patterns. Problems and Prospects of Inter and Intra Regional Cooperation and Trade.

Regional Development: Typology of Regions, Formal and Fictional Regions, World Regional Disparities, Theories of Regional Development(Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John Friedman, Dependency theory of Underdevelopment, Global Economic Blocks, Regional Development and Social Movements in India.

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Unit 7: Cultural, Social and Political Geography

Cultural and Social Geography: Concept of Culture, Cultural Complexes, Areas and Region, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Ecology. Cultural Convergence, Social Structure and Processes, Social Well-being and Quality of Life, Social Exclusion, Spatial distribution of social groups in India (Tribe, Caste, Religion and Language), Environment and Human Health, Diseases Ecology, Nutritional Status (etiological conditions, classification and spatial and seasonal distributional patterns with special reference to India) Health Care Planning and Policies in India, Medical Tourism in India.

Political Geography: Boundaries and Frontiers (with special reference to India), Heartland and Rimland Theories. Trends and Developments in Political Geography, Geography of Federalism, Electoral Reforms in India, Determinants of Electoral Behaviour, Geopolitics of Climate Change, Geopolitics of World Resources, Geo-politics of India Ocean, Regional Organisations of Cooperation (SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, EU). Geopolitics of World Natural Resources.

Unit 8: Geographic Thought 

Contributions of Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese and Indian Scholars, Contributions of Geographers (Bernhardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Schaefer & Hartshorne), Impact of Darwinian Theory on Geographical Thought. Contemporary trends in Indian Geography: Cartography, Thematic and Methodological contributions. Major Geographic Traditions (Earth Science, man environment relationship, area studies and spatial analysis), Dualisms in Geographic Studies (physical vs. human, regional vs. systematic, qualitative vs. quantitative, ideographic vs. nomothetic), Paradigm Shift, Perspectives in Geography (Positivism, Behaviouralism, Humanism, Structuralism, Feminism and Postmodernism). 

Unit 9: Geographical Techniques 

Sources of Geographic Information and Data (spatial and non-spatial), Types of Maps, Techniques of Map Making (Choropleth, Isarithmic, Dasymetric, Chorochromatic, Flow Maps) Data Representation on Maps (Pie diagrams, Bar diagrams and Line Graph, GIS Database (raster and vector data formats and attribute data formats). Functions of GIS (conversion, editing and analysis), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Georeferencing (coordinate system and map projections and Datum), GIS Applications ( thematic cartography, spatial decision support system), Basics of Remote Sensing (Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sensors and Platforms, Resolution and Types, Elements of Air Photo and Satellite Image Interpretation and Photogrammetry), Types of Aerial Photographs, Digital Image Processing: Developments in Remote Sensing Technology and Big Data Sharing and its applications in Natural Resources Management in India, GPS Components (space, ground control and receiver segments) and Applications, Applications of Measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion and Inequalities, Sampling, Sampling Procedure and Hypothesis Testing (chi square test, t test, ANOVA), Time Series Analysis, Correlation and Regression Analysis, Measurement of Indices, Making Indicators Scale Free, Computation of Composite Index, Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis, Morphometric Analysis: Ordering of Streams, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density and Drainage Frequency, Basin Circularity Ratio and Form Factor, Profiles, Slope Analysis, Clinographic Curve, Hypsographic Curve and Altimetric Frequency Graph.

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Unit 10: Geography of India

Major Physiographic Regions and their Characteristics; Drainage System (Himalayan and Peninsular), Climate: Seasonal Weather Characteristics, Climatic Divisions, Indian Monsoon (mechanism and characteristics), Jet Streams and Himalayan Cryosphere, Types and Distribution of Natural Resources: Soil, Vegetation, Water, Mineral and Marine Resources. Population Characteristics (spatial patterns of distribution), Growth and Composition (rural-urban, age, sex, occupational, Geographyal, ethnic and religious), Determinants of Population, Population Policies in India, Agriculture ( Production, Productivity and Yield of Major Food Crops), Major Crop Regions, Regional Variations in Agricultural Development, Environmental, Technological and Institutional Factors affecting Indian Agriculture; Agro-Climatic Zones, Green Revolution, Food Security and Right to Food. Industrial Development since Independence, Industrial Regions and their characteristics, Industrial Policies in India. Development and Patterns of Transport Networks (railways, roadways, waterways, airways and pipelines), Internal and External Trade (trend, composition and directions), Regional Development Planning in India, Globalisation and its impact on the Indian Economy, Natural Disasters in India (Earthquake, Drought, Flood, Cyclone, Tsunami, Himalayan Highland Hazards and Disasters.)