CUET PG 2025 Exam Centree: Check State/Cities wise Test Centres List and City Code

Candidates had to follow the steps given below to select the exam city of CUET PG 2025:

• Visit the CUET PG 2025 website- Link will be provided once it is activated
• In the Exam City preference section of the CUET 2025 application form, select two cities in preferential order.
• Complete the application process by paying the requisite application fee.
• The exam city preference can be changed during the application correction window.
• Choose cities that are well-connected by public transportation. This will make it easier for you to get to the exam center on time.
• Choose cities that have a good track record of conducting exams smoothly.
• Avoid choosing cities that are prone to natural disasters.

It is important to note that the NTA may not be able to assign candidates to their preferred exam city. This is because the number of candidates who choose a particular city may be higher than the number of seats available in that city.

In case the NTA is unable to assign a candidate to their preferred exam city, they will be assigned to the nearest available exam city.

Test-takers must keep in mind the following guidelines:

• It is mandatory for the candidate to carry their respective CUET PG admit cards to the exam centre. Without the hall ticket, the candidate will not be allowed to appear for the entrance exam. 
• Along with the hall ticket, the aspirant also has to carry valid identity proof such as Aadhaar Card/voter id/driving licence. 
• The candidate should reach the allotted exam centre at least half an hour before the scheduled time as mentioned on the admit card. 
• Students appearing for the entrance exam are not allowed to carry any electronic devices or paper.
• The student should also not engage in unfair means while giving the exam.

NTA reserves the right to add or remove any CUET PG 2025 exam centre city. Once candidates are allotted a city, they will not be able to request to change the test centre. They must visit the allotted exam centre to appear for the exam, otherwise, they will not be allowed to take the test in a different centre or a city even if they have an admit card.

The following table brings the expected list of cities in India where CUET PG 2025 exam centres are located.

CUET PG Exam Centres 2025 (Expected)- Andhra Pradesh

The CUET PG 2025 expected exam centre cities located in Andhra Pradesh are as follows:

Examination City	City Code
Amaravathi	AP24
Anantapur	AP01
Bhimavaram	AP03
Chirala	AP04
Chittoor	AP05
Eluru	AP06
Gooty	AP25
Gudur	AP26
Guntur	AP07
Kadapa	AP08
Kakinada	AP09
Kurnool	AP10
Machilipatnam	AP27
Mangalagiri	AP28
Nandyal	AP29
Narasaraopet	AP20
Nellore	AP11
Ongole	AP12
Proddatur	AP21
Rajahmundry	AP13
Srikakulam	AP14
Surampalem	AP23
Tadepalligudem	AP30
Tanuku	AP31
Tenali	AP32
Tirupathi	AP16
Vijayawada	AP17
Visakhapatnam	AP18
Vizianagaram	AP19

CUET PG 2023 Exam Centres – Assam

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities located in Assam are given in the table below:

Examination City	City Code
Baksa	AM13
Barpeta	AM06
Darrang (Mangaldoi)	AM07
Dhubri	AM14
Dibrugarh	AM01
Goalpara	AM15
Golaghat	AM08
Guwahati	AM02
Hailakandi	AM16
Jorhat	AM03
Lakhimpur	AM09
Nagaon	AM10
Nalbari	AM11
Silchar(Assam)	AM04
Sivasagar	AM12
Tezpur	AM05
Udalguri	AM17

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023 – Bihar

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities of Bihar are as follows:

Examination City	City Code
Araria	BR21
Arrah	BR09
Arwal	BR22
Aurangabad (Bihar)	BR01
Banka	BR23
Begusarai	BR13
Bettiah	BR20
Bhabua	BR24
Bhagalpur	BR02
Buxar	BR25
Darbhanga	BR04
Gaya	BR05
Gopalganj	BR10
Hajipur	BR26
Jamui	BR27
Jehanabad	BR28
Katihar	BR29
Khagaria	BR30
Lakhisarai	BR31
Madhepura	BR32
Madhubani	BR15
Motihari	BR14
Munger	BR33
Muzaffarpur	BR06
Nalanda	BR11
Nawada	BR16
Patna	BR07
Purnea	BR08
Samastipur	BR12
Sasaram	BR17
Sheikhpura	BR35
Sitamarhi	BR18
Siwan	BR19
Supaul	BR36
Vaishali	BR37

CUET PG 2023 Exam Centres – Chhattisgarh

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities located in Chhattisgarh are listed in the below table:

Examination City	City Code
Ambikapur	CG04
Balod	CG05
Bhilai Nagar/Durg	CG01
Bijapur	CG13
Bilaspur(Chhattisgarh)	CG02
Dantewada	CG06
Dhamtari	CG07
Jagdalpur	CG08
Janjgir	CG09
Kanker	CG14
Kondagaon	CG15
Korba	CG10
Mahasamund	CG16
Narayanpur	CG17
Raigarh	CG11
Raipur	CG03
Rajnandgaon	CG12
Sukma	CG18

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023 - Gujarat

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities located in Gujarat are as follows:

Examination City	City Code
Ahmedabad	GJ01
Amreli	GJ18
Anand	GJ02
Banaskantha	GJ19
Bharuch	GJ16
Bhavnagar	GJ03
Bhuj	GJ17
Botad	GJ20
Dahod	GJ21
Gandhidham	GJ22
Gandhinagar	GJ23
Godhra	GJ24
Himatnagar	GJ14
Jamnagar	GJ06
Junagadh	GJ07
Kadi	GJ25
Kheda	GJ26
Mehsana	GJ08
Modasa	GJ27
Narmada	GJ33
Navsari	GJ15
Patan	GJ28
Porbandar	GJ29
Rajkot	GJ10
Surat	GJ11
Surendranagar	GJ30
Vadodara	GJ12
Valsad/vapi	GJ13
Veraval	GJ31
Vyara	GJ32

CUET PG 2023 Exam Centres – Haryana

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities situated in Haryana are as follows:

Examination City	City Code
Ambala	HR01
Bhiwani	HR13
Faridabad	HR03
Gurugram	HR04
Hissar	HR05
Jhajjar	HR15
Jind	HR16
Kaithal	HR17
Karnal	HR06
Kurukshetra	HR07
Mahendragarh	HR14
Mewat	HR21
Palwal	HR18
Panipat	HR08
Rewari	HR11
Rohtak	HR12
Sirsa	HR20
Sonipat	HR09
Yamuna Nagar	HR10

CUET PG 2023 Exam Centres- Himachal Pradesh

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities in Himachal Pradesh are mentioned in the table below:

Examination City	City Code
Bilaspur	HP01
Chamba	HP12
Dharamsala	HP13
Hamirpur	HP03
Kangra/Palampur	HP04
Kullu	HP10
Mandi	HP08
Shimla	HP06
Sirmaur	HP11
Solan	HP07
Una	HP09

CUET PG 2023 Exam Centres – Jammu and Kashmir

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities of Jammu & Kashmir are given in the below table:

Examination City	City Code
Anantnag	JK05
Badgam	JK07
Baramulla	JK01
Jammu	JK02
Kathua	JK08
Kupwara	JK09
Pulwama	JK06
Samba	JK03
Srinagar(J & K)	JK04
Udhampur	JK10

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023- Jharkhand

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities located in Jharkhand are as follows:

Examination City	City Code
Bokaro	JH01
Chaibasa	JH08
Chatra	JH09
Deoghar (Jharkhand)	JH10
Dhanbad	JH02
Dumka	JH11
Garhwa	JH12
Giridih	JH07
Godda	JH13
Gumla	JH16
Hazaribagh	JH05
Jamshedpur	JH03
Khunti	JH17
Koderma	JH14
Latehar	JH18
Lohardaga	JH19
Pakur	JH20
Palamu	JH15
Ramgarh	JH06
Ranchi	JH04
Sahibganj	JH21
Simdega	JH22

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023 – Karnataka

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities in Karnataka are given below:

Examination City	City Code
Bagalkot	KK19
Ballari	KK03
Belagavi(Belgaum)	KK02
Bengaluru- Rural	KK04
Bengaluru- Urban	KK20
Bidar	KK05
Chamarajnagar	KK21
Chikkaballapur	KK22
Chikmagalur	KK23
Chitradurga	KK24
Davangere	KK06
Dharwad	KK10
Gadag	KK25
Gulbarga/Kalaburagi	KK08
Hassan	KK09
Haveri	KK26
Hubli	KK27
Karwar	KK28
Kodagu	KK29
Kolar	KK30
Koppal	KK31
Mandya	KK18
Mangaluru(Mangal Ore)	KK12
Mysuru(Mysore)	KK14
Raichur	KK32
Ramanagara	KK33
Shimoga (Shimoga)	KK15
Tumakuru	KK16
Udupi/Manipal	KK17
Vijayapura	KK34
Yadgir	KK35

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023 – Kerala

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities situated in Kerala are as follows:

Examination City	City Code
Alappuzha/Chengan Nur	KL01
Angamaly	KL20
Ernakulam/Moovatt Upuzha	KL04
Idukki	KL05
Kannur	KL07
Kasaragod	KL08
Kollam	KL09
Kottayam	KL11
Kozhikode/Calicut	KL12
Malappuram	KL13
Palakkad	KL15
Pathanamthitta	KL16
Payyannur	KL21
Thiruvananthapuram	KL17
Thrissur	KL18
Wayanad	KL19

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023 - Madhya Pradesh

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities located in Madhya Pradesh are as follows:

Examination City	City Code
Amarkantak	MP34
Ashok Nagar	MP21
Balaghat	MP01
Barwani	MP22
Betul	MP02
Bhind	MP23
Bhopal	MP03
Chhatarpur	MP24
Chhindwara	MP05
Damoh	MP25
Datia	MP26
Deoghar (Madhya Pradesh)	MP27
Dewas	MP19
Dhar	MP16
Guna	MP28
Gwalior	MP06
Hoshangabad	MP17
Indore	MP07
Jabalpur	MP08
Khandwa	MP29
Khargone (West Nimar)	MP18
Mandsaur	MP30
Morena	MP31
Neemuch	MP32
Rajgarh	MP35
Ratlam	MP33
Rewa	MP11
Sagar	MP12
Satna	MP13
Singrauli	MP36
Ujjain	MP15
Vidisha	MP20

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023- Maharashtra

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities of Maharashtra are listed in the table below:

Examination City	City Code
Ahmednagar	MR01
Akola	MR02
Amravati	MR03
Aurangabad(Mahar Ashtra)	MR04
Beed	MR30
Bhandara	MR31
Buldhana	MR32
Chandrapur	MR09
Dhule	MR10
Gadchiroli	MR40
Gondia	MR35
Jalgaon	MR13
Kolhapur	MR14
Latur	MR15
Mumbai/Navi Mumbai	MR16
Nagpur	MR17
Nanded	MR18
Nandurbar	MR36
Nashik	MR19
Osmanabad	MR37
Palghar	MR33
Parbhani	MR38
Pune	MR22
Raigad	MR23
Ratnagiri	MR24
Sangli	MR25
Satara	MR26
Sindhudurg	MR39
Solapur	MR27
Thane	MR28
Wardha	MR29
Washim	MR41
Yavatmal	MR34

CUET PG 2023 Exam Centres – Nagaland

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities of Nagaland are given in the below table:

Examination City	City Code
Dimapur	NL01
Kiphire	NL03
Kohima	NL02
Lumami	NL04

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023 – Odisha

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities of Odisha are given in the following table:

Examination City	City Code
Angul	OR10
Balangir	OR20
Balasore (Baleswar)	OR02
Baragarh	OR21
Baripada/Mayurbanj	OR12
Berhampur / Ganjam	OR03
Bhadrak	OR11
Bhawanipatna / Kalahandi	OR18
Bhubaneswar	OR04
Cuttack	OR05
Dhenkanal	OR06
Jagatsinghpur	OR17
Jajpur	OR13
Jeypore(Odisha)	OR19
Jharsuguda	OR22
Kendrapara	OR14
Kendujhar (Keonjhar)	OR15
Koraput	OR27
Malkangiri	OR23
Nawarangpur	OR28
Nuapada	OR29
Paralakhemundi (Gajapati)	OR24
Phulbani (Kandhamal)	OR25
Puri	OR16
Rayagada	OR26
Rourkela	OR08
Sambalpur	OR09

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023 – Punjab

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities located in Punjab are as follows:

Examination City	City Code
Amritsar	PB01
Bhatinda	PB02
Faridkot	PB14
Fazilka	PB15
Firozpur	PB16
Gurdaspur	PB17
Hoshiarpur	PB13
Jalandhar	PB04
Ludhiana	PB05
Moga	PB20
Pathankot	PB07
Patiala/Fatehgarh Sahib	PB08
Rupnagar	PB18
Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar	PB12
Sangrur	PB11
Sri Muktsar Sahib	PB19

CUET PG 2023 Exam Centres- Rajasthan

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities situated in Rajasthan are as follows:

Examination City	City Code
Ajmer	RJ01
Alwar	RJ02
Baran	RJ27
Barmer	RJ19
Bharatpur	RJ16
Bhilwara	RJ12
Bikaner	RJ05
Chittorgarh	RJ20
Churu	RJ21
Dausa	RJ17
Dholpur	RJ22
Hanumangarh	RJ23
Jaipur	RJ06
Jaisalmer	RJ24
Jhunjhunu	RJ13
Jodhpur	RJ07
Karauli	RJ18
Kota	RJ08
Nagaur	RJ14
Pali	RJ25
Sawai Madhopur	RJ15
Sikar	RJ09
Sirohi	RJ26
Sriganganagar	RJ10
Udaipur	RJ11

CUET PG 2023 Exam Centres - Tamil Nadu

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities for the state of Tamil Nadu are given below:

Examination City	City Code
Ariyalur	TN24
Chengalpet	TN25
Chennai	TN01
Coimbatore	TN02
Cuddalore	TN03
Dharmapuri	TN26
Dindigul	TN27
Erode	TN28
Kanchipuram	TN05
Kanyakumari/Nager Coil	TN06
Karur	TN29
Krishnagiri	TN21
Madurai	TN08
Nagapattinam	TN30
Namakkal	TN10
Pudukkottai	TN31
Ramanathapuram	TN32
Salem	TN11
Sivaganga	TN33
Thanjavur	TN12
Thiruvallur	TN34
Thoothukudi	TN13
Tiruchirappalli	TN14
Tirunelveli	TN15
Tiruppur	TN22
Tiruvannamalai	TN35
Tiruvarur	TN16
Udhagamandalam	TN36
Vellore	TN18
Viluppuram	TN23
Virudhunagar	TN20

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023 – Telangana

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities in Telangana are as follows:

Examination City	City Code
Adilabad	TL12
Asifabad	TL23
Bhupalpally	TL24
Gadwal	TL13
Hayathnagar	TL14
Hyderabad/Secunde Rabad	TL01
Jagtial	TL15
Jangaon	TL16
Karimnagar	TL02
Khammam	TL03
Kothagudem	TL17
Mahabubabad	TL10
Mahbubnagar	TL04
Mancherial	TL18
Medak	TL19
Medchal	TL20
Nalgonda	TL05
Nizamabad	TL08
Sangareddy	TL21
Siddipet	TL11
Suryapet	TL09
Vikarabad	TL22
Warangal	TL07

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023- Uttar Pradesh

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities in Uttar Pradesh are listed in the below table:

Examination City	City Code
Agra	UP01
Aligarh	UP02
Allahabad/Prayagraj	UP03
Ambedkar Nagar	UP25
Amethi	UP44
Azamgarh	UP19
Bahjoi	UP46
Bahraich	UP47
Ballia	UP20
Balrampur	UP60
Banda	UP26
Barabanki	UP27
Bareilly	UP04
Basti	UP28
Bijnor	UP21
Budaun	UP48
Bulandshahr	UP29
Chandauli	UP41
Chitrakoot	UP61
Deoria	UP30
Etawah	UP31
Faizabad	UP06
Fatehpur	UP49
Firozabad	UP22
Ghaziabad	UP07
Ghazipur	UP23
Gonda	UP50
Gorakhpur	UP08
Hapur (Panchsheel Nagar)	UP51
Hardoi	UP52
Hathras	UP53
Jalaun (Orai)	UP32
Jaunpur	UP24
Jhansi	UP10
Kanpur	UP11
Kaushambi	UP54
Kushinagar	UP33
Lakhimpur Kheri	UP34
Lalitpur	UP55
Lucknow	UP12
Mainpuri	UP56
Mathura	UP13
Mau	UP35
Meerut	UP14
Mirzapur	UP36
Moradabad	UP15
Muzaffarnagar	UP16
Naugarh	UP57
Noida/Greater Noida	UP09
Pratapgarh	UP43
Raebareli	UP37
Rampur	UP58
Saharanpur	UP38
Shahjahanpur	UP39
Shravasti	UP62
Sitapur	UP17
Sonbhadra	UP42
Sultanpur	UP40
Unnao	UP59
Varanasi	UP18

CUET PG Exam Centre 2023 - Uttarakhand

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities of Uttarakhand are listed in the below table:

Examination City	City Code
Almora	UK09
Dehradun	UK01
Haldwani	UK02
Haridwar	UK03
Nainital	UK04
New Tehri	UK10
Pantnagar	UK05
Pauri Garhwal	UK08
Roorkee	UK06
Srinagar(Uk)	UK11
Udham Singh Nagar	UK07

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023 - West Bengal

The CUET PG 2023 expected exam centre cities placed in West Bengal are as follows:

Examination City	City Code
Asansol	WB01
Bankura	WB16
Burdwan (Bardhaman)	WB02
Darjeeling	WB18
Durgapur	WB04
Hooghly	WB06
Howrah	WB07
Jalpaiguri	WB19
Kalyani	WB08
Kharagpur	WB13
Kolkata	WB10
Malda	WB20
Murshidabad	WB21
Nadia	WB17
North 24 Parganas	WB12
Purba Medinipur	WB14
Santiniketan	WB23
Siliguri	WB11
South 24 Parganas	WB15
Siuri	WB22

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023 - Other States

The cities in other states and Union Territories of India where the CUET PG 2023 expected exam centres will be located are given below.

State and UT	Examination City	City Code
Andaman & Nicobar Islands	Port Blair	AN01
Arunachal Pradesh	Basar	AL02
	Itanagar/Naharlagun	AL01
	Namsai	AL03
Chandigarh	Chandigarh/Mohali/ Panchkula	CH01
Dadra & Nagar Haveli	Silvassa	DN01
Daman & Diu	Daman	DD01
	Diu	DD02
Delhi	Delhi/New Delhi	DL01
Goa	Panaji/Madgaon/Margao	GO01
	Ponda	GO02
Lakshadweep	Kavaratti	LD01
Leh & Ladakh	Kargil	LL02
	Leh	LL01
Manipur	Chandel	MN02
	Imphal	MN01
Meghalaya	East Khasi Hills	MG02
	Ri Bhoi	MG03
	Shillong	MG01
Mizoram	Aizawl	MZ01
	Mamit	MZ02
Puducherry	Karaikal	PO02
	Puducherry	PO01
Sikkim	Gangtok	SM01
	West Sikkim	SM02
Tripura	Agartala	TA01
	Dhalai	TA02

CUET PG Exam Centres 2023 - Outside India

CUET PG 2023 expected exam centres will be located in 13 international cities, listed in the table below.

Examination City	City Code
Bahrain	ZZ01
Colombo	ZZ02
Doha	ZZ03
Dubai	ZZ04
Jakarta	ZZ13
Kathmandu	ZZ05
Kuala Lumpur	ZZ11
Kuwait	ZZ10
Lagos/Abuja	ZZ12
Muscat	ZZ06
Riyadh	ZZ07
Sharjah	ZZ08
Singapore	ZZ09

The following items will be allowed to be carried inside the CUET PG 2025 exam centres:

• CUET PG 2025 admit card
• Valid photo identity card
• Few copies of passport-size photographs
• Transparent water bottle
• 50 ml sanitiser bottle
• Fruits or medicines (only for diabetic candidates)

It is important to note that the list of permissible items may change from year to year. Candidates are advised to check the official CUET PG website for the latest updates on the permissible items.

On the day of the exam, candidates should arrive at the exam center at least 30 minutes early. This will give them enough time to check-in and go through the security procedures.

The following items or objects will not be allowed to be carried to the CUET PG 2025 exam centres.

• Stationery items such as test-based material (written/printed), papers, notes, Pencil box, pouches, geometry box, pen, scale/ruler, eraser, etc.
• Electronic devices such as calculators, cameras, electronic pens, scanners, etc.
• Accessories such as bags, belts, caps, goggles, wallets, etc.
• Devices used for communication such as mobile phones, smart watches, Bluetooth, fitness bands, earphones, pager, etc.
• Eatables (packed or home-cooked), thermos, etc.

Candidates are also not allowed to carry any food or drinks inside the exam center, with the exception of a transparent water bottle and 50 ml sanitizer bottle.

If a candidate is found carrying any of the non-permissible items, they will be disqualified from the exam.

It is important to note that the list of non-permissible items may change from year to year. Candidates are advised to check the official CUET PG website for the latest updates on the non-permissible items.

Candidates can find out all the information related about the CUET PG 2025 test practice centres in their nearby locations and the other coomon service centres provided by the NTA here.

Test Practice Centres (TPC's)

The Ministry of Education has mandated the NTA to set up, establish and create a network of Test Practice Centres for candidates, especially in remote and rural areas to enable them to practice and be comfortable in taking a Computer Based Test (CBT). This facility is completely free of cost. Candidates can register online (on the NTA website) where they are provided a convenient TPC near their location to practice on a given computer node. This facilitates the process of being able to take a Computer Based Test (CBT). 

The entire experience of using a computer is close to the actual experience of taking a CBT. All efforts are made to provide practice tests and questions so that candidates can familiarize themselves with logging into the system, go through the detailed instructions regarding the test, use the mouse or numeric keyboard on-screen (virtual) for attempting each question, scroll down to the next question, navigate between questions, review and edit their options and submit answer.

The objective of TPCs is primarily to organize test practice for the upcoming NTA examinations.  

Common Service Centres/ Facilitation Centres

Candidates who are not well conversant and submitting face difficulties in the online application due to various constraints can use the services of Common Services Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India under the Digital India initiatives of Hon‟ble Prime Minister. The Common Services Centre (CSC) scheme is a part of the ambitious National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) of the Government of India and is managed at each village panchayat level by a Village Level Entrepreneur (VLE).
There are more than 1.5 lakhs Common Services Centres (CSC) across the country which will provide the desired support to candidates from urban as well as rural areas in online submission of Application Form and payment of fee through e-wallet. The list of the Common Services Centre is available on the website: www.csc.gov.in.

 To know the nearest Common Services Centre, please open the link - Find My Csc (https://findmycsc.nic.in/csc/).

Candidates have to follow the steps given below to download the CUET PG 2025 advance city slip:

• Visit the official website of CUET PG 2025 - Link will be provided soon

• Click on the tab indicating Advance City Intimation Slip

• Log in by entering the CUET PG 2025 application number and date of birth in the drop-down menu

• Enter Security Pin

• Click on Submit

• Select the exam paper code

• View the CUET PG 2025 Advance Examination City Slip and note the exam city

Candidates must note that this is not the admit card. But it is rather an advance information of the city where their exam centre will be located so that they can plan accordingly.

For reference candidates can check CUET PG 2025 advance city intimation slip:

 

The CUET PG 2025 city intimation slip will carry the following details:

• Application Number

• Candidate Name

• Father’s Name

• Gender

• Date of Birth

• Category

• Person with Disability and Scribe Requirement Status

• City of Exam

• State of Exam

• Date of Examination

• Slot

• Subject and Medium

For reference candidtes can view the CUET PG 2023 exam city intimation slip from below: