Fundamentals of Microbiology

The students will learn about the study of microscopic organisms which are multicellular, unicellular, and acellular. This subject also explains the structure, growth, functions, preservation, and control of microorganisms. Students understand the wide variety of microorganisms such as algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and many other viruses.

Some other parts of the syllabus are:

• Introduction to Microbiology

• Microscopy

• Control of microorganisms

• Prokaryotic structure and function

• Biology of microorganisms

• Stains and staining techniques

• Fundamental principles of bacteriology

Microbial diversity, growth, and diversity

This subject is highly concerned with the functioning of the ecosystem and maintaining an ecosystem with the help of ecological processes such as nutrient cycling, decomposition of organic matter, soil aggregation, controlling pathogens, and many more.

Some other parts of the syllabus are:

• Microbial diversity

• Classification of microbial diversity

• Reproduction and significance of fungi

• Nutritional requirements and growth of microorganisms

• Isolation, culturing, and maintenance of pure culture

• Growth curve and diauxic growth curve

• Determination of cell count by hemocytometry

Biophysics, biochemistry, and microbiological physiology

Through this subject, students will understand how microbial cell structures will grow and their metabolism functions in living organisms. Further, it explains the importance of microbial physiology in the field of functional genomics and metabolic engineering.

Some other parts of the syllabus are:

• General introduction and scope of biophysics

• Radioisotopes and their decay units

• Biochemistry, structure, and function

• The central role of ATP in metabolism

• Microbial physiology

• Aerobic respiration of Krebs cycle, ETC in bacteria

• Introduction to lipid metabolism

Microbial genetics, molecular biology, and recombinant DNA technology

Under this subject, the student will learn about microbial genetics which means the area within genetic engineering and Microbiology. The students study the recombinant DNA technology which explains the process of cutting and pasting DNA molecules to introduce them to new host cells.

Some other types of the syllabus are :

• Microbial genetics and molecular biology

• Structure, functions, and types of DNA and RNA

• DNA replication in bacteria

• Mutations -definition, types, and fluctuation test

• Introduction to recombinant DNA technology

• Tools for genetic engineering

• Screening and selection of recombinant cells

• Applications of genetic engineering

Immunology and medical Microbiology

The students learn about immunology and medical Microbiology which provides knowledge about the immune system and with the help of mechanisms that are utilised by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites to cause disease.

Some other parts of the syllabus are:

• History and scope of immunology

• Cells, tissues, and organs involved in the immune system

• Immunology of tissue transplantation and cancer

• Major developments in medical Microbiology and Koch’s postulates

• Study of pathogens

• Definitions and classifications of antibiotics

Biostatistics, food and dairy Microbiology

The food and dairy Microbiology subject provides knowledge about the food fermentation of vegetables and meat products, its preservation through chemical preservatives methods, physical methods, and some natural methods. The students also gain the knowledge of biostatics which is concerned with the application and development of various statistical methods to topics of biology.

Some other parts of the syllabus are:

• Importance and applications of biostatistics

• Frequency distribution and graphic representation of data

• Measures of central tendencies

• Hypothesis testing

• Food and microorganisms

• Food spoilage and food poisoning

• Food preservation

• Dairy Microbiology

• Microorganisms in milk

Industrial Microbiology and bioinformatics

The syllabus of this subject explains bioinformatics which is related to the automating of microbial genome and analysis of genomes to understand genes. Industrial Microbiology is the study of profit-motivated and large-scale production of microorganisms for direct use.

Some other parts of the syllabus are:

• Scope of industrial Microbiology

• Strain improvement methods

• Types of industrial fermentation processes

• Immobilisation of enzymes and cells

• Introduction to bioinformatics

• Objectives of bioinformatics

• The multiplicity of data and redundancy

• Modern methods of identification of bacteria based on carbon utilisation, lipid signature

Clinical Microbiology

Students will learn about clinical Microbiology which encompasses a broad range of testing methodologies and also isolate and identify them. There are a variety of pathogens and many testing methods which makes microbial testing more challenging. Detecting error and its correction is an important component of Microbiology testing.

Some other parts of the syllabus are:

• Study of infections in the organ system

• Bloodstream infections

• Respiratory tract infections

• Central nervous system infections

• Urinary tract infections

• Gastrointestinal tract infections

Microbial ecology

Students will learn about microbial ecology which is concerned with the study of interactions of microorganisms with plants, animal species, the environment, and many more. The main focus of this subject is on the diversity, distribution, and microorganisms, their interactions, and their effect on the ecosystem.

Microbial

The students will learn about microorganisms and Microbiology through this subject. This subject also explains microbial technology such as fermented beverages, friendly bacteria, a boon to mankind, key for a green revolution, etc. This subject also explains the impact of microbes on various human diseases.

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Macromolecular structure and analysis

Macromolecular structure and analysis

Students learn to identify macromolecular assemblies and their functions. It is the study of large conformational changes which come in motions with macromolecular domains also relative to each other. It is formed by the polymerization of a large number of macromolecules.

1

Cell structure and dynamics

Cell structure and dynamics

This subject aims to provide the knowledge of cell structure which combines individual components with other specific functions that are essential to carry out different life processes. All the components include cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, cell organelles, and nucleus.

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Organic mechanisms in biology

Organic mechanisms in biology

This subject includes topics like organic synthesis, chemical methods, and their application to investigate biological systems, organic materials & their developments, and biomaterials that are used to research hydrogels and polymers.

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Principles of immunology

Principles of immunology

This subject explains the four essential principles of immunology for a healthy immune system such as the ability to detect infections, recognize host cells and protect them from attacks, a memory from foreign infections, and the last principle of limiting the response after removal of the pathogen.

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Introduction to data structure & computer organization

Introduction to data structure & computer organization

Students will learn about the ER model, various models of DBMS, the concept of SQL, computer network models, connecting devices under this subject. It deeply explains the concept of a stack, queue, sorting, searching, etc.

4

Molecular genetics

Molecular genetics

The students will learn to identify the concept of molecular genetics which is closely related to sub-field biology and which measures the differences in the structure of DNA molecules among the many organisms.

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Recombinant DNA technology

Recombinant DNA technology

This subject gives detailed information about recombinant DNA technology which means joining together the two DNA molecules of different species. It is the study of inserting DNA molecules into a host organism for producing new genetic combinations.

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Medical Microbiology

Medical Microbiology

Medical Microbiology is the branch of medical science that is concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment infectious diseases. For the improvement of health, it explains the various clinical applications of microbes.

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Food and agricultural Microbiology

Food and agricultural Microbiology

Under this subject students will learn about food Microbiology which is concerned with the testing of raw materials, making in-process, and preparing finished products from them which are safe to consume.

Environmental Microbiology

• Concepts of Microbiology

• Microbial biochemistry

• Microbial physiology and adaptations

• Environmental Microbiology in sustainable development

• Advancement in bioremediation

• Cell biology and immunology

Students can choose this field who want to make their career in environmental Microbiology which is concerned with the study of microorganisms scientifically in the environment.

Microbial physiology

• Microbial cell structure and its functions

• Chemiosmotic theory and chemical energy

• Thermodynamics and oxidation/reduction reactions

• Introduction about fermentation

• Photosynthesis

• Cellular respiration

• Overview of central metabolism

• Cell to cell combination

Students can also choose this field which is related to the study of microbial cell structures that helps in the growth and metabolism of the living being. It is also the study of microbial metabolism, microbial growth, and microbial cell structure.

Molecular genetics

• Macromolecular structure and analysis

• Biophysics & instrumentation

• Biochemistry

• Introduction to computer

• Microbial genetics

• Genome organisation

• Tissue culture techniques

• Molecular biology techniques

• Recombinant DNA technology

• Dissertation on molecular biology

The study can also opt for this field which helps in gaining information about the subfields of biology which helps in addressing the differences of structures of DNA molecules.

Virology bioinformatics

• Basic virology

• Virological methods

• Recombinant DNA technology

• Bioinformatics

• Biochemical and biophysical methods

• Viral respiratory diseases

• Analytical techniques

• Entomological methods

• Propagation of viruses

Virology bioinformatics is a study that is concerned with the combination of virology with bioinformatics and also involves the application of communication technology and information with aspects of viral research.

Macromolecular structure and analysis

Microcalorimetry of macromolecules

Peter L. Privalov

The author explains the structure of macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and their complexes using calorimetric techniques.

Organic mechanisms in biology

Concerted organic and bio-organic mechanisms

Andrew Williams

Bioorganic mechanisms provide the details of the organic synthesis and the application of chemical methods in the investigation of biological systems.

Principles of immunology

The principles of immunology

Howard T Karsner

The principles of the immunology book explain the four essential principles and their accomplishments.

Molecular genetics

Human molecular genetics

Tom Strachan

Human molecular genetics provides an authoritative introduction to the molecular aspects of human genetics and many more.

Food and agricultural Microbiology

Advances in agricultural Microbiology

N.S. Subbarao

The author researched the gateway to sustaining and improving agriculture and food production, safety, and quality.