AP Intermediate Syllabus 2025: Check AP Inter 2nd Year Syllabus MPC

Prose

Of Studies - Francis Bacon
The Secret of Work - Swami Vivekananda
J C Bose - Aldous Huxley
In Celebration of Being Alive - Dr Christian Barnard
Learning from the West - N R Narayana Murthy

Poetry

On His Having Arrived at the Age of Twenty-Three- John Milton
The Tables Turned - William Wordsworth
The Builders - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Any Woman - Katharine Tynan
A Challenge to Fate - Sarojini Naidu

Non-Detailed Text

NONDETAILED TEXT
About the Adventures of Tom Sawyer
List of characters
Chapters 1 to 8
Glossary
About the author
Summary
Major characters
Comprehension passages
Essay questions

Study skills and communication skills

Conversation Practice
Letter writing
Word Stress
Reading Comprehension
Interpretation of Non-verbal information
The Language of Advertisements
Vocabulary
Describing a Process
Note Making
Curriculum Vitae
Completing a Form

Complex Numbers

Complex number as an ordered pair of real numbers- fundamental operations, Geometrical and Polar Representation of complex numbers in Argand plane- Argand diagram, etc.

De Moivre’s Theorem

De Moivre’s theorem- Integral and Rational indices, nth roots of unity- Geometrical Interpretations – Illustrations, etc.

Quadratic Expressions

Quadratic expressions, equations in one variable, Quadratic inequations, etc.

Theory of Equations

The relation between the roots and coefficients in an equation, Solving the equations when two or more roots of it are connected by certain relation, Transformation of equations - Reciprocal Equations, etc.

Permutations and Combinations

Fundamental Principle of counting - linear and circular permutations, Permutations with constraint repetitions, etc.

Binomial Theorem

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, Approximations using Binomial theorem, etc.

Partial fractions

Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains non –repeated linear factors, Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains irreducible factors, etc.

Measures of Dispersion

Range, Mean deviation, Variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data, etc.

Probability

Random experiments and events, Axiomatic approach and addition theorem of probability, etc.

Random Variables and Probability Distributions

Random Variables, Theoretical discrete distributions – Binomial and Poisson Distributions, etc.

Circle

Position of a point in the plane of a circle – the power of a point-definition of tangent-length of a tangent, Relative position of two circles- circles touching each other externally, etc.

System of Circles

The angle between two intersecting circles, Radical axis of two circles, radical centre, Intersection of a line and a Circle, etc.

Parabola

Conic sections –Parabola- equation of the parabola in standard form, Equations of tangent and normal at a point on the parabola, different forms of a parabola- parametric equations, etc.

Ellipse

Equation of tangent and normal at a point on the ellipse, Equation of ellipse in standard form- Parametric equations, etc.

Hyperbola

Equations of tangent and normal at a point on the hyperbola, Equation of hyperbola in standard form- Parametric equations, etc.

Integration

Integration- Partial fractions method, Reduction formulae, Integration as the inverse process of differentiation- Standard forms -properties of integrals, etc.

Definite Integrals

Definite Integral as the limit of a sum, Interpretation of Definite Integral as an area, Properties, Reduction formulae.Application of Definite integral to areas, etc.

Differential equations

Formation of differential equation-Degree and order of an ordinary differential equation, Non - Homogeneous differential equation, etc.

Chapter 1 - WAVES

Transverse and longitudinal waves, Displacement relation in a progressive wave, The speed of a travelling wave, The principle of superposition of waves, Reflection of waves, Beats, Doppler effect, etc.

Chapter 2 - RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors, Refraction, Total Internal Reflection, Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses, Refraction through a Prism, Dispersion by a Prism, Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight, Optical Instruments, etc.

Chapter 3 - WAVE OPTICS

Huygens Principle, Refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens, Principle, Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves, Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment, Diffraction, Polarisation, etc.

Chapter 4 - ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

Electric Charges, Conductors and Insulators, Charging by Induction, Basic Properties of Electric Charge, Coulomb’s Law, Forces between Multiple Charges, Dipole in a Uniform External Field, Continuous Charge Distribution, Gauss’s Law, Application of Gauss’s Law, etc.

Chapter 5 - ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE

Electrostatic Potential, Potential due to a Point Charge, Potential due to an Electric Dipole, Potential due to a System of Charges, Equipotential Surfaces, Potential Energy of a System of Charges, The Parallel Plate Capacitor, Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance, Combination of Capacitors, Energy Stored in a Capacitor, Van de Graaff Generator, etc. Potential Energy in an External Field, etc.

Chapter 6 - CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Electric Current, Electric Currents in Conductor, Ohm’s law, Temperature Dependence of Resistivity, Electrical Energy, Power Combination of Resistors - Series and Parallel Cells, emf, Internal Resistance, Cells in Series and in Parallel, Kirchhoff’s Laws, Wheatstone Bridge, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer, etc.

Chapter 7 - MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

Magnetic Force, Motion in a Magnetic Field, Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Field due to a Current, Element, Biot-Savart Law, Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop, Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole, The Moving Coil Galvanometer, etc.

Chapter 8 - MAGNETISM AND MATTER

The Bar Magnet, Magnetism and Gauss’s Law, The Earth’s Magnetism, Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity, Magnetic Properties of Materials, Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets, etc.

Chapter 9 - ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The Experiments of Faraday and Henry, Magnetic Flux, Faraday’s, Law of Induction, Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy, Inductance, AC Generator, etc.

Chapter 10 - ALTERNATING CURRENT

AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor, Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors, AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor, AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor, AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit, Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor, LC Oscillations, Transformers, etc.

Chapter 11 - ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Displacement Current, Electromagnetic Waves, Electromagnetic Spectrum, etc.

Chapter 12 - DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

Electron Emission, Photoelectric Effect, Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect, Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light, Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of

Radiation, Particle Nature of Light: The Photon Wave Nature of Matter, Davisson and Germer Experiment, etc.

Chapter 13 - ATOMS

Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model

of Atom, Atomic Spectra, Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom, The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom, DE Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation, etc.

Chapter 14 - NUCLEI

Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus, Size of the Nucleus, Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy, Nuclear Force, Radioactivity, Nuclear Energy, etc.

Chapter 15 - SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS

Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors, Intrinsic Semiconductor, Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier, Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes, Junction Transistor, Digital Electronics and Logic Gates, Integrated Circuits, etc.

Chapter 16 - COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Elements of a Communication System, Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication System, Bandwidth of signals, Bandwidth of Transmission Medium, Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves, Modulation and its Necessity, Amplitude Modulation, etc.

Chapter 1: SOLID STATE

General characteristics of solid-state, Amorphous and

crystalline solids, Classification of crystalline solids based on

different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent

solids), Imperfections in solids-types of point

defects-stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects,

Electrical properties-conduction of electricity in metals, etc.

Chapter 2: SOLUTIONS

Types of solutions, Expressing concentration of solutions mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, Abnormal molar masses-van’t Hoff factor, etc.

Chapter 3: ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrochemical cells, Galvanic cells: measurement of

electrode potentials, Nernst equation-equilibrium constant from

Nernst equation- electrochemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell

reaction, Corrosion of metals-Hydrogen economy, etc.

Chapter 4: SURFACE CHEMISTRY

Adsorption and absorption, mechanism of adsorption-types of adsorption characteristics of physisorption - adsorption from solution phase applications of adsorption, Emulsions, etc.

Chapter 5: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY

The occurrence of metals, magnetic separation, froth floatation, leaching,

Extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to

oxide, Uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron, etc.

Chapter 6: p-BLOCK ELEMENTS

GROUP-15 ELEMENTS

Occurrence- electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii,

ionisation energy, electronegativity, physical and chemical

properties, Phosphorus halides, etc.

GROUP-16 ELEMENTS

Occurrence- electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii,

ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy,

electronegativity, physical and chemical properties,

Dioxygen-preparation, etc.

GROUP-17 ELEMENTS

Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii,

ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties, etc.

GROUP-18 ELEMENTS

Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionisation

enthalpy, atomic radii electron gain enthalpy, Xenon-oxygen, compounds XeO3 and XeOF4 - their formation and structures, etc.

Chapter 7: d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS & COORDINATION COMPOUNDS 

Actinides-electronic configuration atomic and

ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics and

comparison with lanthanide, Some important compounds of transition elements-oxides

and oxoanions of metals-preparation and properties of

potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures

of chromate, dichromate, etc. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS: Structural isomerism linkage, coordination, ionisation and solvate isomerism, bonding in coordination compounds, etc.

Chapter 8: POLYMERS

Types of polymerization reactions addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization-ionic

polymerization, free radical mechanism-preparation of addition

polymers-polythene, Teflon, Polymers of commercial importance polypropene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride(PVC), urea-formaldehyde resin, etc.

Chapter 9: BIOMOLECULES

Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action, Hormones: Definition, different

types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases

due to their abnormal activities, etc.

Chapter 10: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Chemicals in food artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, Drug-enzyme

interaction Receptors as drug targets, Cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents, etc.

Chapter 11:

HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

Classification and nomenclature, Nature of C-X bond, by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen

exchange, triiodomethane, tetrachloro

methane, freons and DDT, etc.

Chapter 12: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING C, H AND O (Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids)

ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS:

Alcohols, phenols and ethers -classification,

Nomenclature: (a)Alcohols, (b)phenols and (c)ethers,

Structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups,

Methods of preparation, Cleavage of C-O bond and

electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers, etc.

ALDEHYDES AND KETONES:

Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group, Preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by oxidation of

alcohol, etc.

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS: Nomenclature and structure of carboxyl group, Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids, Reactions involving -COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation, Uses of carboxylic acids, etc.

Chapter 13: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

CONTAINING NITROGEN

AMINES: Structure of amines, Classification, Nomenclature,

Preparation of amines: reduction of nitro compounds,

ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of

amides, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide

degradation reaction, Physical properties

DIAZONIUM SALTS:

Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization),

Physical properties, Chemical reactions: Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen, reactions involving retention of the diazo group

CYANIDES AND ISOCYANIDES:

Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides, etc.

The Solid State

NCERT Solutions on Solid state

Solutions

NCERT Solutions on Solutions

Electrochemistry

NCERT Solutions on Electrochemistry

Chemical Kinetics

NCERT Solutions on Chemical Kinetics

The d & f Block Elements

NCERT Solutions on The d & f Block Elements

Coordination Compounds

NCERT Solutions on Coordination Compounds

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

NCERT Solutions on Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

NCERT Solutions on Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

NCERT Solutions on Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Amines

NCERT Solutions on Amines

Biomolecules

NCERT Solutions on Biomolecules

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

NCERT Solutions on General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Surface Chemistry

NCERT Solutions on Surface Chemistry

The p-Block elements

NCERT Solutions on p block elements

Polymers

NCERT Solutions on Polymers

Unit-I Plant Physiology

Chapter 1: Transport in Plants

Means of Transport, Phloem Transport: Flow from Source to Sink, Long Distance Transport of Water, etc.

Chapter 2: Mineral Nutrition

Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants, Essential Mineral Elements, Metabolism of Nitrogen, etc.

Chapter 3: Enzymes

The concentration of Substrate, Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes, etc.

Chapter 4: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Early Experiments, Site of Photosynthesis, Pigments Involved in Photosynthesis, Factors affecting Photosynthesis, etc.

Chapter 5: Respiration of Plants

Cellular respiration, Glycolysis, Fermentation, Aerobic Respiration, Amphibolic Pathway, Respiratory Quotient, etc.

Chapter 6: Plant Growth and Development

Development, Plant Growth Regulators, Seed Dormancy, Photoperiodism, Vernalisation, etc.

UNIT II: Microbiology

Chapter 7: Bacteria

Morphology of Bacteria, Bacterial cell structure, The importance of Bacteria to Humans, etc.

Chapter 8: Viruses

Multiplication of Bacteriophages- The Lysogenic Cycle, Viral diseases in Plants, etc.

UNIT III: Genetics

Chapter 9: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Mendel’s Experiments, Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, Linkage and Recombination, Mutations, etc.

UNIT IV: Molecular Biology

Chapter 10: Molecular Basis of inheritance

The DNA, Transcription, Translation, Regulation of Gene Expression, etc.

UNIT V: Biotechnology

Chapter 11: Principles and processes of

Biotechnology

Principles of Biotechnology, Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology, etc.

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its applications

Biotechnological Applications In Agriculture, Transgenic plants, Biosafety and Ethical issues, etc.

UNIT VI: Plants, Microbes and Human welfare

Chapter 13: Strategies for enhancement in

food production

Plant breeding, Single-cell protein, Tissue culture, etc.

Chapter 14: Microbes in Human Welfare

Primary treatment, Secondary treatment or Biological treatment, Microbes as Biofertilizers, Challenges posed by Microbes, etc.

Unit-I Human Anatomy and Physiology-I

carbohydrates and fats, egestion,

The calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, etc.

Unit II: Human Anatomy and Physiology-II

Human circulatory system – a structure of the human heart and

blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, double circulation;

regulation of cardiac activity, etc.

Unit III: Human Anatomy and Physiology-III

myasthenia gravis, tetany,

muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, etc.

Unit IV: Human Anatomy and Physiology-IV

Dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goitre, exophthalmic

goitre, diabetes, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, etc.

Unit V: Human Reproduction

Fertilization, Embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation, etc.

Unit VI: Genetics

Colour blindness; Mendelian

disorders in humans: Thalassemia, Haemophilia, Sickle celled

anaemia, cystic fibrosis PKU, Alkaptonuria, etc.

Unit VII: Organic Evolution

Hardy-Weinberg law; Types of Natural Selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Variations (mutations and genetic recombination), etc.

Unit VIII: Applied Biology

Human insulin and vaccine production; Gene Therapy; Transgenic animals; ELISA; Vaccines, MABs, Cancer biology, stem cells, etc.

Chapter 1: Economic Growth And Development

Economic growth, Economic Development, Differences Between Economic Growth and Development, etc.

Chapter 2: Population and Human Resources Development

World Population, Causes of the rapid growth of population in India, Occupational distribution of the population of India, Meaning of Human Resources Development, etc.

Chapter 3: National Income

Income Inequalities, Causes of Income Inequalities, Measures to control income inequalities, Unemployment in India, etc.

Chapter 4: Agriculture Sector

Cropping pattern in India, Organic Farming, Irrigation facilities in India, Productivity of agriculture, Landholdings in India, etc.

Chapter 5: Industrial Sector

National Manufacturing Policy, Disinvestment, National Investment Fund (NIF), Foreign Direct Investment, Special Economic Zones, etc.

Chapter 6: Tertiary Sector

Tourism, Banking and Insurance, Communication, Science and Technology, etc.

Chapter 7: Planning And Economic Reforms

Regional Imbalances, Role of Trade in Economic Development, Economic Reforms in India, GATT, etc.

Chapter 8: Environment and Sustainable Economic Development

Environment, Economic Development, Environment and Economic Linkages, etc.

Chapter 9: Economy Of Andhra Pradesh

Education, Environment, Agricultural sector, Industrial sector, etc.

Chapter 10: Economic Statistics

Methods of Studying Variation, Measures of Dispersion for average, Lorenz Curve, Correlation, etc.

Psychology

I. Motivation

II. Human Abilities

III. Social behaviour

IV. Groups and Leaderships

V. Communication Skills

VI. Personality

VII. Issues in contemporary society

VIII. Health Psychology

Section - I

1. Human Geography

2. Man and Environment

3. World Population

4. Human activities

Section – II

5. Resources

6. Agriculture

7. Minerals

8. Industries

9. Transportation

Section – III

1. Physical features of India

2. Major rivers of India

3. Climate of India

4. The natural vegetation of India

5. Soils

6. Population

7. Irrigation

8. Agriculture

9. Minerals

10. Industries

11. Transportation

12. Geography of Andhra Pradesh

Sociology

Unit-I Social structure of Indian Society

Unit-II Unity in Diversity

Unit-III The disadvantaged groups in India:

Unit-IV Social Problems

Unit-V Contemporary Social problems in India

Unit-VI Social Policy & Programmes

Unit-VII Social Skills for Intervention

Unit-VIII Civic awareness & Civic responsibility

Public Administration

I. Administrative Machinery in India

II. Planning Machinery in India

III.Urban Development Administration

IV. Rural Development Administration

V. Social Welfare Administration

VI. Citizen Administration

VII. Good Governance

VIII. Emerging Trends and Issues in Administration